Thamesmead Entrance Exams Tutors and Thamesmead Entrance Exams Tuition

Personal Description:
If you choose me, your child will see a marked improvement in their results and confidence levels. I am a highly experience, professional and friendly tutor with advanced DBS clearance. My teaching experience includes GCSE, iGCSE and A level (Edexcel, AQA, OCR (A and B for Physics), WJEC), University level Maths and Physics (including Oxford entrance exams MAT and PAT) as well as assisting PhD students to improve their thesis writing skills.

I pride myself on making lessons fun and informative which I believe provides the right environment to get the best out of my students. (2022 results: 100 percent pass rate at GCSE and A-Level. 77 percent got A*/A or 7/8/9)

As well as being a tutor, I work in research and development where I lead programmes that use Physics to understand complex problems. This experience allows me to inspire young people who have a love for the subject. I am also a STEM ambassador and would happily come to your school (for free) to inspire children in both science and maths.

I was awarded a First Class Honours degree from University College London in 1997 and went on to study a PhD in Quantum Mechanics. On successful completion of my PhD in 2001 I started work at Thales Research and Technology (TRT) where I led projects on Adaptive Learning Systems and Information Management. I initiated the first programme to span the three TRT laboratories in France, Netherlands and UK in the area of Cognitive Systems research. I then went on to set up and lead a large collaborative team between TRT and University of Surrey to study remote collaboration technologies. I joined General Dynamics United Kingdom Limited in 2005, primarily to ensure exploitation of DIF DTC technologies into the UK Ministry of Defence Equipment Programme. I received my Chartered Physicist status in 2004 and am now a director.

Teaching Experience:
Several students have improved by more than 4 grades after just six months of tuition with me, and commonly students improve by at least one or two grades. Many of my students who previously had lost their passion for Maths and Physics, go on to take these subjects to a further level. Apart from the usual syllabuses I am experienced at teaching students the Maths section of the SATs and ACTs in order to get scholarships to American Universities.

Tutoring Approach:
My tuition method involves making Maths and Physics fun so that children and young adults will remember their lessons and overcome the "I can't do science" syndrome. So that you can assess whether or not I am the right tutor for your child I offer the first lesson for free.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a fully qualified teacher with Cambridge MA, PGCE & DELTA, with 30 years' experience of teaching in a variety of contexts including general secondary school English and Drama, GCSE, A Level, IB, and tuition at university and postgraduate level, including assistance with theses and similar.
I have considerable experience of TEFL/TOEFL and a successful record in teaching Cambridge FCE, CPE, etc as well as Business English classes for non-native professionals.
I recently returned to the UK from Spain for family reasons and I am new to the York area. I'm taking time out for a while to write that elusive million-seller or sitcom! Meanwhile I am a member of SfEP and work part time as a professional proofreader and copy editor. I am very happy to help groups or individuals with their academic needs.

Teaching Experience:
15 years in all key stages of secondary school education in England.
5 years Adult Education, TEFL and private tuition in the UK.
10 years teaching a British curriculum in an international secondary school in Spain at all key stages incl. GCSE, A Level and IB.
Group and individual EFL classes for children and adults, including Business English for professionals and TOEFL in an American-affiliated college.
I have an excellent record of success in preparing students for English and Drama exams - GCSE, A Level, International Baccalaureat and beyond - as well as for Cambridge First Certificate, Advanced and Proficiency in English.
Amongst other notables, I was employed as personal tutor to the actress Rebecca Hall as a child and also to one of Tony Blair's sons!

Tutoring Approach:
I believe in a supportive approach and a friendly relationship, but without forgetting it's work: you're paying me because I can improve your (or your children's) future prospects.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Experienced and well qualified tutor in secondary, adult and university Maths and Physics.
With a positive attitude and engaging personality I get on well with my students.
I have also tutored students with dyslexia and autism related conditions and aware of modern educational SEN practices in this regards.

Teaching Experience:
Tutor with over 15 years adult college training and tutor experience.
Can tutor from Nationals 4/5 through to Advanced Higher, as well as GCSE/iGCSE, A-Level, IB.
Also tutor mature students and graduate level University and Colleges NC courses.
Cambridge Entrance exams STEP (paper-1 and paper-2 only).
Registered STEM Ambassador (East of Scotland).

Tutoring Approach:
I believe in putting the students interest first and ensuring that they work at
a pace with which they are comfortable.

Regular reports on progress are available to guardians.

Available daytime, evenings and weekend (presently ONLINE only)
I offer tutor online lessons via Skype/ whiteboard app- very easy at no extra cost to students.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I graduated from the University of Oxford in 2011 with a degree in Experimental Psychology, and received a Masters in 2015. I have been tutoring for over 10 years, and run a company focused on inspiring students to reach their potential through study techniques based on neuroscientific evidence. This involves delivering interactive workshops for students in schools and colleges across London, as well as through ebooks and other online resources I have created!

I love teaching and thrive on the satisfaction of helping a student reach their goal; I welcome students of all abilities, motivation levels and confidence levels. What sets me apart from most is that as well as tutoring my students, I take the role of a mentor, to motivate, encourage and guide them towards success. My students also benefit from my knowledge of study skill techniques, which I integrate into my teaching to maximise students' memory retention.

For students applying for Oxbridge, I am able to provide valuable advice on interview techniques and personal statements, as well as provide contacts to graduates from Oxford University from a range of subjects. I am also able to tutor students for entrance exams e.g. 11+.

Teaching Experience:
I have tutored extensively for 10 years at Primary, GCSE, A-level, and Degree level with excellent results. I have had students move up by up to 4 grade boundaries at both GCSE and A Level; for the 11+ I have helped students secure places (including scholarships) at excellent institutions such as Dulwich College. At degree level, my Psychology students have achieved 1sts and 2:1s. I am happy to provide references on request!

Tutoring Approach:
My first step is always to assess exactly where my student is at so that I can plan the content for sessions accordingly and make sure that they get the best out of each lesson. If there are any gaps in the foundations of their knowledge we can then attack these head on. My approach is thus very organised and tailored to the specific needs of the student, with small goals set per session alongside a long term goal to work towards. I always ensure that my lessons are engaging, and work towards building a good relationship with my students, encouraging them to ask questions without any hesitation. I adapt my approach depending on my students' learning style as I feel this is the key to successful teaching.

At GCSE and A Level, my aim is always to make sure that students are completely familiar with the subject specification and assessment objectives as this dictates exactly where they can pick up most marks. Completing as many past papers as possible is also a step in the right direction, alongside completing assignments set by myself. I always give very detailed feedback so that my students know exactly where they can improve, and how to apply it to their work going forward.

My approach for students studying Psychology at degree level depends on what is required. Most students require guidance with essays, reports, dissertations and write ups; I usually go through the assignment with the student giving valuable, detailed feedback on what can be improved and exactly how they can go about doing so. This can involve several redrafts until the work has been completed to the students' full potential.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I have been working as a highly successful English tutor since 2007. Additionally, in 2012, I worked three days a week in an independent girls' school in Exeter, providing one-to-one support for a girl in Year 9 and also taught English Literature to Year 7 & Year 13 classes. I live near Bridport in Dorset.

I have a passion for the written word and its performance in poetry and drama.

I have grown-up children and grandchildren, and am very interested in how young people view and contribute to the world in which they live.

I gained an MA (with Merit) in Postcolonial Studies from SOAS, University of London in 2015 and a First Class Joint Honours BA in English and Classics from the University of Reading in 1996.

I teach online via Skype and other platforms, often incorporating Google Documents. Skype has proved to be a highly successful way of teaching and I now teach across the globe using this medium.

Teaching Experience:
I have been a highly successful English tutor for many years. Most of my client base is private but I also work for a top London tuition agency. I am a highly experienced tutor and currently have students in English Language & Literature from KS 2 to 'A' level/IB. I specialise in 11+,13 + and Common Entrance exams. My students have been awarded places at many schools, including Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Sevenoaks, The Perse Cambridge, Magdalen School Oxford, Oxford High School for Girls and grammar schools in London.

I also work with undergraduates & postgraduates in various disciplines, providing guidance in the structure of their essays, particularly dissertations, and academic writing. In 2019, the two undergraduate students I have supported (at the University of Exeter and University of Edinburgh) have each gained First Class classifications, both in their dissertation and overall degree.

Additionally, in 2014/15 I tutored the complete AQA GCSE Classical Civilisation syllabus to a Year 9 student via Skype, who obtained an A as her final grade.

I also have experience in helping adults with their business English and have written marketing copy for the commercial sector.

Tutoring Approach:
When I tutor a student, I search for a 'tailor-made' way to help increase their self-esteem and confidence. This enhances the learning they already receive in the classroom. The study of texts offers student and tutor alike not only an opportunity to develop communication one with another but also insight into the life experiences of others, both in past generations and the wider world today.

I have helped numerous students to achieve higher than their predicted grades at both GCSE, IB and 'A' level and have many excellent references available. I work with students in the independent and state school sectors and with varying levels of academic ability.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi, I am currently a 20 year old university student living in Birmingham, studying Medicine at the University of Birmingham. I enjoy working with children and passing on my knowledge in an understandable way, as someone who has recently undertaken GCSE's and A levels myself I feel that I can offer the highest degree of teaching and revision to students aged 11-16 through use of my recent personal experiences of coping with exams and figuring out effective learning and revision methods for certain areas of each subject

Teaching Experience:
I have mentored year 4 students in maths before as part of a scheme within school, as well as year 7 students. In total I have tutored 8 students over the last 2 years, all of whom achieved what they set out to achieve when I started my tutoring, from getting into the Liverpool Blue Coat School (the school that achieved the highest national GCSE grades the year that I sat GCSE's), to getting a grade 8 in maths (A* equivalent)

Tutoring Approach:
I feel that my unique selling point is that as a student myself, I can relate to the struggles that other students encounter when subjects are taught and delivered to them. My weaknesses and qualms during the GCSE and A level period were only resolved by my own active learning to teach myself topics which I couldn't grasp correctly from lessons, and I feel that these are areas and topics many students will find difficulty in understanding, whether it be in Maths, Biology or Chemistry, and so I believe I can effectively pass on my knowledge to help students achieve the highest grades by learning the trickier topics from a different perspective. I can also tutor in other subjects such as Physics, however my strengths are definitely greatest in the subjects I have listed, as well as in tutoring for 11+ exams.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I've been working as a maths and science tutor since 2016.
Prior to my work as a tutor I worked as a science technician for three years in various schools and colleges in London. And prior to that I worked for three years as a research and teaching assistant at the University of British Columbia, Canada.
I graduated from Queen`s University Belfast in 2010 with a 1st MSci in Physics with Astrophysics.

Teaching Experience:
I offer tuition in Maths (including mechanics and statistics), Physics, Chemistry and Biology. I offer in-person lessons in the Glasgow area, and online lessons for students further afield.

I'm based in Scotland so the majority of my students are Nat 5, Higher, or Advanced Higher. However, I also have experience tutoring in the GCSE/A-Level system used in the rest of the UK.

I have experience in tutoring for university entrance exams: the UCAT and BMAT, the Cambridge Maths and Engineering entrance exams (STEP and ENGAA), and the Oxford Maths entrance exam (MAT). I can also help university students with maths/physics/engineering modules.

My rate is £50/hour. Discounts available for weekday morning students (e.g. uni students)

Tutoring Approach:
I am experienced in tutoring students of all ages and abilities. I am friendly, approachable, punctual, and believe students do best when given encouragement and reasonable goals.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am an enthusiastic qualified teacher with extensive classroom and private tutoring experience. I am currently not working in school full time as I am undertaking my Masters in Education at Reading University as well as caring for live my little boy, I am willing to teach online, travel to your home or a nearby suitable study space.

Teaching Experience:
I love teaching and believe that all children can excel. I have been teaching for over 15 years with a large proportion of my experience in years 5 and 6. I have been a SATs marker for over 10 years now so definitely know how to get the best out of children in preparation for success not only in their SATs but also secondary school. I work regularly with children who want to participate in the 11+ entrance exams and have experience in most Berkshire schools' entrance requirements.

Tutoring Approach:
My pupils often describe me as 'firm but fair' with lessons that are fun. I believe children are most productive when they are enjoying themselves whilst being challenged. Any child can learn if they are taught in a way that is engaging to them and ensures that their strengths and weaknesses are identified. With this in mind, I aim to make learning relevant to them and break everything down into manageable chunks. I believe that children should be in charge of their own learning and will therefore always ensure that their views are taken into consideration when teaching. I love helping children to learn and relish the challenge of helping them to meet their potential.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I'm an environmental scientist by training and I spent 16 years in the environmental chemistry sector before deciding that I wanted to teach.
I live in Little Sutton with my partner (also a teacher) and I have three children: Eleanor (19), Sarah (16) and Francis (13).
I have wide interests that include being out in the countryside a lot, cooking, fishkeeping and reading.

Teaching Experience:
During my time in industry I was heavily involved in the training and development of staff and this led neatly to my teaching career. I trained at the outstanding University Of Chester and worked across Wirral and Liverpool in a wide variety of primary school settings before teaching my own classes permanently and full time at schools in Birkenhead.
I relocated to North Wales in 2016, where I started to learn Welsh and to teach right across North Wales, from Wrexham to Llandudno and in primary and secondary schools. I have recently moved back to Wirral and so I teach in both countries now and I have built a reputation as a teacher with an outstanding rapport with children and the ability to teach children most subjects from age 4 to 16.

Tutoring Approach:
I will assess your child first, in order to gauge their strengths and areas for improvement and to benchmark their attainment, against which improvement can be measured.

I will spend time working with your child to understand their learning style 'mix' - this will allow me to tailor my approach to my teaching and to their learning.

It is important that children enjoy sessions, so wherever possible there will be fun!

My curricular strengths are English and maths, but I can also help out with 11 Plus and entrance exam preparation - verbal and non- verbal reasoning and mental maths. I am available in holidays also, if you want your child to catch up, or 'hit the ground running'on their return to school.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Passionate about the 11plus. Experienced 11plus tutor, after teaching English in London for over 15 years. I hold a BA/LLB from an Australian University.

Teaching Experience:
Taught English in London for over 15 years.

Tutoring Approach:
I am an excellent teacher with the ability to explain things very clearly to my students so they can approach exams with confidence. & pass easily.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am an enthusiastic and responsible tutor with several years' experience in privately teaching English/creative writing/maths/reasoning for the 11+ entrance examinations. I am a conscientious, methodical teacher with a desire to help mentor and tutor children through the early academic years of their education. With confident personal, inter-personal and pupil-focused skills at all levels, I am keen to ensure my tutees receive the highest standard of teaching across every area of their curriculum. The 11+ student base is an area in which I am looking to further my experience and impart my knowledge.

Teaching Experience:
- Over thirteen years' experience in private tutoring, including 11+ Entrance exams and KS2/3
- Working as a teacher with The Southover Partnership school across various age groups: 7 to 17 for over 8 years.
- Subject range includes: maths, English, creative writing and verbal reasoning

Tutoring Approach:
- Tailored 1:1 teaching to promote the best results from each individual
- To cover and consolidate each topic thoroughly through a balance of teaching, examination and homework
- To teach with a reassuring and supportive approach

Subjects

Personal Description:
Free 30-minute introductory session to ensure we are a good fit.

I specialise in KS2 and KS3 English and creative writing with a particular focus on 11+ exam prep. To date, my students have a 100% pass rate for their intended independent schools.

I was not a great student as a child. Rigid and rote teaching sucked all the appreciation I might have had from learning. That is, until I returned to education in my late 20s and, over the course of two bachelor's and master's degrees, discovered just how rewarding it can be. Partly because of this reason (and partly because I simply love sharing knowledge!), I began a new career in teaching and for the past 9 years - with over 600 hours of teaching logged - I have made a point of injecting colour into a learning world that, for many students, has become drab and monochrome.

Outside of teaching, I love my arts and crafts - from drawing and painting to cross-stitching and model-building. I love being creative! And that feeds into my teaching. I'm fairly laidback and relaxed and try to instil that in my students as well and give them the confidence to ask questions without the fear of being rebuked or ridiculed.

Teaching Experience:
My experience as a tutor ranges from lecturing screenwriting at Anglia Ruskin University, where I am an associate lecturer, to almost ten years of tutoring at an advanced studies summer school at one of Cambridge's prestigious colleges, and over 600 hours of private 1-to-1 tuition. In addition to these regular teaching commitments, I am often asked to give lectures on the art of creative writing to visiting international students at Cambridge University.

After some less than pleasant experiences at school, I returned to education in my late 20s. I attended an Access to HE course specialising in creative writing, English literature and journalism, from which I graduated top of my class with a distinction.
I then achieved a BA (with honours) degree in Writing and Film Studies, graduating again top of my class with a first. In addition, I was awarded the McLeod Prize for highest average mark for any student within the entire faculty of Arts, Law and Social Sciences and the award for Best Major Writing Project, which were the opening chapters of a novel which went on to win numerous literary prizes.

I followed this up with a master's degree in creative writing on one of the top master's programmes in the world (at the University of East Anglia), from which I graduated with a distinction.

Tutoring Approach:
I believe that confidence is a big part of success, and confident students make emboldened decisions in their learning, so I will be your child's biggest supporter. Every child is a unique individual who has their own way of learning so every lesson is tailored to their needs with no comparisons or judgements.

The following topics are covered in both KS2 and KS3:
Comprehension; reading; inference skills/verbal reasoning
Grammar; spelling; vocabulary expansion
Creative writing; sentence and story structure; description and characterisation.

Monthly reports will be issued to parents of students to keep you up to date with your child`s progress.

I also provide creative writing for all ages and novel-writing mentoring; and for older students: essay writing skills and editing of university papers. I am the author of eight published novels, which have won numerous awards, and one screenplay/film. I am so passionate about writing that I am constantly reading about it and keeping on top of new techniques. As a result, I have a wealth of knowledge that is wasted on just me alone and I wish to share it with equally motivated people who want to learn more about English and/or creative writing.

Subjects

Personal Description:
PLEASE SEE 'TUTORING EXPERIENCE' BELOW FOR THE MOST IMPORTANT PARTS OF THIS PAGE, THE RESULTS AND FEEDBACK

I am an Oxford graduate (English language and literature, first class), as well as a qualified English teacher, and have been tutoring since 2013. My specialism is A-level English literature.

Please get in touch for online English tuition, particularly if you are or your child is

• Preparing to take A-levels in 2026/27
• Doing coursework
• Working on the basis of continuous assessment, mocks, etc.
• Or planning to do / doing an English degree

I graduated from the University of Oxford with a double first in English language and literature, winning the prize for the best performance in English finals at Mansfield College, and the college essay prize. At school, I was awarded eleven GCSEs at A-star and three A-levels at A.

As well as tutoring, I have worked as a researcher, a copywriter, and a proofreader. I have also completed a PGCE in secondary English at the UCL Institute of Education, the highest-ranking college of education in the world ('QS World University Rankings'), during which I taught all age groups at two west London secondary schools, and received A's for my master's-level assignments. I am currently pursuing a PhD in English literature at the University of Buckingham.

As well as English tuition at any level, I can help you or your child with the following:

• Oxbridge entrance (the admissions process, practice interviews, the ELAT, etc.)
• Essay surgery - how to structure and write an essay
• How to revise - note-taking, organisation, making connections, committing to memory
• Grammar, punctuation, and style (a.k.a. 'usage and abusage')
• Speech-writing and public speaking
• Proofreading and redrafting essays
• Suggested reading and resources, including access to my library of 'TES' resources
• Creative writing
• How to annotate, analyse (and enjoy) English literature - sometimes known as 'close reading' or 'practical criticism'
• If you'd specifically like written feedback on your writing - more like a correspondence course - then I can also provide that.

In my spare time I enjoy cycling, writing, and photography.

Teaching Experience:
I have been tutoring since 2013, teaching English at all levels (including degree level), as well as A-level religious studies and classical civilisation. I have taught AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC/Eduqas, and CAIE (Cambridge International), and am constantly familiarising myself with the new texts that my students are studying. I have experience helping students who have autism and ADHD. And I am interested in the role of generative AI and large language models in education, not to write students' essays for them, but as research assistants for students and teachers alike. It is of course important that students do not get the likes of ChatGPT to write their essays for them, among other reasons because they will not be able to do so in the exams. Tutoring is well placed to discourage this, since it has always been my practice to ask my students many questions about every essay they write.

*

A student, June 2025: 'thank you very much for all the sessions! It has not only boosted my confidence in English literature but they really reminded me of how much I love the subject. It's always a pleasure to discuss nuance readings of the texts, and it has been a great help leading up to my exams.'

Charlotte, a parent, June 2025: 'Thank you so much for all your help and support for [L.]. We are so grateful for everything you have done with him and wish you all the best.'

Ann, a parent, June 2025: '[Z.] has thoroughly enjoyed her lessons with you and has gained so much from your guidance. We're very grateful for all the support you've given her.'

A parent, May 2025: 'Thank you so much again for everything you've done to help [G.] prepare for these exams - he has really enjoyed his sessions with you and he and we really appreciate your support'.

A parent, May 2025: '[N.] just received the below. It's an A* if the grade boundaries is same as last year. She couldn't have done it without your help. We really appreciate it.'

A parent, February 2025: '[S.] is really enjoying studying with you and has gained a lot of confidence in English. I truly appreciate the effort and dedication you put into teaching.'

A student, January 2025: 'thank you ever so much for your kindness and creative encouragement the past months. What is very special about you as a tutor is that you have never told me "what to write". Instead, you have asked me questions about my work that have led me to discover what I truly wish to write'.

Kate, a parent, December 2024: 'We're so pleased [G.] is enjoying his sessions and seems to be really motivated to read widely in between sessions, is making useful structured notes (which he didn't do before) and his confidence and awareness of what he needs to do when essay writing is really building. Thank you!!!'

Eleni, a parent, December 2024: 'I just wanted to let you know that [D.] received an offer […] today! She is super happy! […] I wanted to thank you again as [D.] found your sessions incredibly helpful and inceased her confidence during the exams process.'

*

A-level results, August 2024:

'I wanted to write to say a huge thank you to you for all the help, support and inspiration you have given [E.] over the past year. You have not only given her the technical advice and support to help her make the most of her essays and exams, but more importantly you have helped her keep the love of the subject alive. I know a big part of the reason she is so excited to study English at university is because of how much she has enjoyed your conversations, and how you have helped her to consider texts in a way that the rather narrower scope of teaching at school does not allow. I am so very grateful to you and I really appreciate all the time and effort you put into her sessions - thank you so very much. […] You've been so great, and any other student/parent would be lucky to have access to your teaching.'

'I have just opened my results and am happy to confirm that I am off to Bristol this September with an A* in English! I just want to thank you again for making this possible.'

'I got an A in English, and will be going to Exeter, so mission accomplished. I wanted to thank you for all your help, not only for helping me to get what I needed, but for giving me back my confidence and enjoyment of the subject in the process.'

'Just to let you know [I.] got her results this morning and achieved an 'A' in English. We are over the moon […] Thank you again for all your help with the English, it's much appreciated.'

'thanks for your help this past academic year! Got two A*s in English and Philosophy'.

'I got a B and I was accepted into my firm university (Durham) which I am very happy! Thank you for all your help and support.'

'I was really happy to receive […] A in English Literature […] I secured a placed at my firm university. I will be studying English Literature at Durham University this September and I am very excited! Thank you so much for all of your support, I really appreciate it!'

'i got into Warwick with […] an A* in English!!!!! I am very happy :) Thank you for all your hard work, wisdom and wit over the last year or two'.

'Thank you so much for all your coaching and advice that you shared with [L.], it made such a difference to his confidence leading up to his exams. He is (as are we) delighted with his English result.'

'an A awarded in English […] so she is off to her first choice of Edinburgh University to study History of Art and English Literature.'

'Results day went well and I'm going to the university of Kent. Thank you so much again for all the time spent helping me to prepare for my exams it means a lot I'm very excited to continue my English literature journey.'

*

A student, June 2024: 'Thank you so much for being the most amazing English teacher! It has been an immensely rewarding and interesting journey exploring so many books […] I have learnt so much from GCSEs to continuing with more amazing literatures in A-levels'

A student, June 2024: 'I […] wanted to say thank you for the tremendous help you have provided with the English content throughout the A level period. The resources that you provided for me were quite helpful in refining my knowledge in many areas of the syllabus so thank you very much.'

A student, May 2024: 'I've just received the results for my english coursework and wanted to thank you for all the help and feedback!!'

A parent, February 2024: 'your help has kept her love of the subject and her enthusiasm alive and I can't thank you enough for that.'

A parent, February 2024: 'You were such a huge help to [S.], we will always be very grateful to you.'

Kath, a parent, February 2024: 'We would both like to thank you for all your invaluable help, especially all the helpful feedback on the coursework essay. [S.] has definitely learnt a lot and grown in confidence, especially in her knowledge of Twelfth Night.'

A student, January 2024: 'I just wanted to let you know that I got an offer from Oxford! Thank you so much for checking over my personal statement and all the help that you have given me since GCSEs. I really enjoy our sessions every week, the discussions keep me constantly creative and thinking.'

A parent, January 2024: 'Thank you as always for all your continued help and support for [E.]. I know she gets a tremendous amount from your sessions and I'm very grateful.'

A student, January 2024: 'Just emailing to let you know I did get an offer from […] Cambridge yesterday so thank you so much for all your help! It is really appreciated and I'm really looking forward to starting my degree in October!'

A student, December 2023: 'So thank you so much again for all your help; your insights have been very useful and I have really enjoyed talking about literature with you.'

Tara, a parent, November 2023: 'you are really helping [R.], he is becoming much more confident. Thank you so much'.

Paula, a parent, November 2023: '[M.] is always delighted with your teaching. You are asking questions no one else does. My husband and I see her grow academically after every session with you.'

Liz, a parent, October 2023: 'Thank you so much for all the work you have done with, and the kindness you have shown, [E.] to date. She really enjoys her sessions with you, and you've helped keep her enthusiasm for English very much alive. I'm so grateful.'

Kim, a parent, August 2023: 'I cannot tell you how happy we all were and your help was clearly instrumental in that. Not sure if he told you but he got 12 points above an A* and it was his best A level result!'

A student, August 2023: 'I really enjoyed our lessons and think it has really helped prepare me for the Oxford style tutorials.'

A student, August 2023: 'wanted to let you know I ended up getting an A* in English, thanks so much for all the help!'

Mark, a parent, June 2023: 'Many thanks josh for your help this year. [E.] has said to me it has really helped, you started assisting her at a time when she felt behind her class mates for the whole of the first year, having switched to English half way through term one.'

Melanie, a parent, June 2023: 'Thank you so much for all your time and effort with [T.]'s English literature. She really enjoyed your sessions together and it really boosted her confidence and inspired her to think more deeply and critically about the texts. It also confirmed that she is happy and excited to study a literature based course at degree level.'

*

A-level results, August/September 2022:

'[L.] came home from university yesterday to attend her school prize giving ceremony, and this morning as she was leaving she asked me to let you know that she won a special prize in English […] Until last night, she wasn't aware of any of her awards, apart from her scholarship, so it was all a lovely surprise. Furthermore, the essays she wrote in her A level English exams have somehow found their way into her teachers' hands; they told her, with beams of pride , that the three marks dropped overall were actually in her *non exam* assessment, so 30/30 in all questions across all papers under exam conditions, something she had never achieved before. She had admitted to me in the aftermath of the exams that when she was writing her English papers she had really enjoyed the process, her thoughts flowing pretty effortlessly on to the paper. But she had also worried this stream of ideas might not be fit with the mark schemes. […] she […] wanted you to know about her prize, as she thought you'd be pleased, and she also wanted to say thanks one last time for your inspirational teaching that led to it.'

'I got AAA* for my results much higher than my predicted! particularly for english'.

'[G.] got an A star in English. And is off to Oxford. […] Thanks so much for everything - you were honestly amazing and really helped her get there'.

'[L.] got 3 a stars and an A star as well in her EPQ. Her highest marks were in English Literature ( 197/200)'.

'I achieved 4A*s in my Alevels - one being in English Literature. My teachers also let me know that I got full marks in both the exam papers'.

'[T.] smashed English Literature, A* […] she is absolutely over the moon . Thank you so much for all the work you put in with her !'

'I got a D[distinction]2!!! […] I got full marks on my PI!'

'I got an A* in English!!! Thank you so much for all of your help I wouldn't have been able to do it without you!'

*

A student, January 2023: 'Just wanted to let you know I got an offer from Cambridge, thank you so so much for all your help.' And Kathryn: 'You were such a great help to [E.] in her preparation for the Cambridge application and interview and we were all delighted when she was offered a place this week. Thank you for all the support you gave her.'

Shaun, a parent, January 2023: '[E.] has found the sessions really very helpful (and has enjoyed them!)'

Guifang, a parent, December 2022: 'From what I hear from [S.], she really enjoys her discussions with you, it's really one of the highlights of her week.'

A student, November 2022: 'I'm extremely happy to tell you that I received an 8.3 for the literary review […] Thank you for explaining to me what a literary review is […] I remember whilst working on it I was so worried about my grade, but it appears I've survived.'

Deborah, a parent, September 2022: 'a huge thanks again to you for all your work with [S.]. I know he has been in touch to let you know that he got 9s in both English Language and Literature. He was over the moon - well beyond his best hopes, so thank you again for being instrumental in helping him attain those grades.'

Karen, a parent, August 2022: 'Both my girls really like your way of teaching and talking to them, they feel really listened to and respected for their opinions (as well as respecting yours obviously), so thank you :)'

Helen, a parent, July 2022: 'Thanks so much for all the help you gave [J.], he really benefitted from the sessions he had with you.'

Tara, a parent, June 2022: 'Thank you so much for all your help and patience - I think you have been brilliant for her confidence. She found English exams really very difficult before she started talking to you and it's amazing to see how much calmer (relatively speaking!) she has been going in to her A level English papers. Whatever the result, her sessions with you have definitely helped her to enjoy English again and I'm really grateful.'

A student, June 2022: 'This is incredibly insightful and thought provoking feedback. Thank you so much.'

Mei, a parent, June 2022: 'She found your lessons very helpful and always remarked to me how much you went the extra mile for her ; looking up and sending on links to whatever you'd been discussing. Much appreciated!'

Marguerite, a parent, June 2022: 'Thank you so much for all you've done for [T.] in the past year . […] you are a very talented teacher.'

Monica, a parent, June 2022: 'You have been an absolutely wonderful tutor to [L.], and how time has flown since she first met you! […] Many a time she has needed someone to talk to, not so much about AO1-5, but rather about the beauty and burden of literature and life. You have always been willing to do that, and she is richer for it.'

A student, June 2022: 'Thank you for teaching me for the last year; I have enjoyed our lessons and I feel I have grown as an English student, with thanks to your teaching.'

A student, April 2022: 'I received an 8 for my essay!! I want to thank you for your tutoring on Keats and Wordsworth- I wouldn't have gotten such a grade without it!! […] I learned tons because of you.'

Ngozi, a parent, March 2022: 'Thanks for everything that you're doing for [G.] - it has been very helpful.'

A student, February 2022: 'Really, thanks so much. Was such a good and efficient service. Your feedback looks really good and I'm going to implement it today. […] Thanks again for doing this on such short notice'.

Deborah, a parent, October 2021: '[S.] said you make it really fun - he said at school his energy goes down in English lessons and with you it goes up! So that is praise indeed from a teenage boy!'

A student, August 2021: 'I got the A grade ! I'm so pleased, thank you for all the help and the essays really paid off :).'

Monica, a parent, July 2021: 'As would be expected from his first class qualifications, Josh is extremely intelligent. However, in my opinion, he has a a very particular advantage over others of a similar academic background, namely his ability to exhibit an authentic interest in the ideas his students express. He is always kind and encouraging, but without sacrificing rigour; this approach has had a hugely positive impact on my daughter when speaking, writing and reading. Furthermore, Josh has introduced her to a range of authors, poets , films and philosophical thought, thus enriching her far beyond the school curriculum. In the future, my daughter will undoubtedly look back on her time with Josh with both fondness and gratitude. I have no hesitation in recommending Josh as a tutor'.

Guifang, a parent, July 2021: 'I have know Joshua for 2 months and He has been supporting my daughter excellently through her GCSE courses, helping her to achieve a 9 in predicted grades. From this, Joshua has always been very serious with the work, needless to say, always punctual and gives detailed homework feedback. I know him to be a wonderful tutor to my daughter.'

Susan, a parent, May 2021: '[T]hank you so much for all your help with [N.] […] [N.] found your lessons extremely helpful which enabled her to enjoy and understand English in a greater depth […] it was excellent tuition . Thank you'.

Jamal, a parent, May 2021: 'Thank you Josh for all your efforts, you have greatly assisted [S.] in better understanding English Literature as whole.'

Zahed, a parent, May 2021: 'We are grateful for all your help and support. We are in no doubt that [A.] has improved a lot in English Literature under your guidance.'

A student, May 2021: 'I just got my coursework back and got an A in it. Just thought i should let you know thanks you!'

Margaret, a parent, March 2021: 'Thanks for helping [M.] to improve her English understanding. She really enjoys her lessons and chats!'

Chris, a parent, March 2021: '[R.] is benefiting immensely from your lessons and is definitely getting more confident in expressing his thoughts in writing! Thank you.'

Amanda, a parent, December 2020: 'Josh has really helped join the dots, encouraged a depth of questioning and ways to interpret and compare ideas, extracting and bringing fresh meaning to narrative styles and creative use of language. Josh has been a great support and steered [R.]'s confidence to look more thoroughly and develop a greater understanding all round. Josh has a kind, approachable style and encouraged [R.] with debating aloud and suggestions for further reading which all continue to be an invaluable help and inspire greater confidence in approaching exams and further reading in future!'

A student, December 2020: 'He helps focus my understanding and makes sure i understand the topic we are learning before moving on. Josh will make sure to ask you questions throughout the process and is always ready for your ideas even if you think it's wrong. He will set homework but makes sure to switch it up each week to make it more interesting and gives his feedback to help me understand what i need to do to improve.'

Diana, a parent, September 2020: 'Josh worked with my daughter for her A Level in English Literature. He was outstanding with his ideas and expanding her critical thinking. He went above and beyond to develop her analytical skills and as a result helped her obtain an A*. He is an absolutely lovely, gentle but dynamic and reliable tutor who has a rare ability combine his academic achievement with a natural talent for teaching. A real gem and we cannot thank him enough.'

A parent, September 2020: 'Joshua is an excellent tutor with great communication skills . He is very patient , helpful , approachable and takes time to explain everything clearly to my daughter . Joshua has been able to breakdown and explain in full detail all aspects of the A Level content.'

A student, June 2020: 'it's been great being taught by you, I've learned so many critical thinking skills in such a short space of time.'

A parent, March 2020: 'I can't thank you enough for everything that you've done for her - you've been the best English teacher she's ever had and she has loved her time with you.'

*

During my teacher training, I taught all age groups at two west London secondary schools.

While at Oxford, I was part of an 'e-mentoring' scheme to help candidates from schools without a history of Oxbridge applications.

At Christ College, Brecon, I ran two series of seminars, for sixth-formers studying RS and English literature. In English we covered 'The Tempest', Gothic literature, Pat Barker's 'Regeneration', 'Jane Eyre', Wilfred Owen, and 'The Canterbury Tales'.

Tutoring Approach:
I try to combine three things that I want my students to do, which are three forms of thinking: speak about complex ideas, read high-quality material, and write essays for which they will receive detailed feedback. For obvious reasons, lessons are weighted to speaking, and homework to reading and writing.

Speaking

Pedagogy's holy grail is measuring progress, which is difficult in a classroom and impossible in a lecture. Happily, the tutorial system allows this to occur continuously and efficiently via dialogue. Can a student re-express an idea they have heard or read in their own words? If the answer is yes, they have probably understood the idea. Hence the constant questions!

As well as understanding the ideas of others, speaking is essential for students to develop their own. I love the quotation from the novelist E. M. Forster, 'How can I tell what I think till I see what I say?' We improve the quality of our ideas through the process of articulating them.

For my part, quite a lot of what I say is explaining what texts mean. This might sound obvious, but great works of literature are complex, so, to understand their meaning, one's own interpretation probably needs the support of others' prior interpretations.

I sometimes like to break the question of a text's meaning into two: What's it about? And what's it really about? Answering the first question is comprehension, a necessary first step. To answer the second question is to understand. In 'A Streetcar Named Desire', for example, Blanche goes to live with her sister in New Orleans. She expresses a strong dislike of her surroundings and is frequently associated with images of water. She declines mentally and is eventually taken away. So what's the play really about? Blanche is a Romantic idealist who is disappointed with her life but still tends to imagine things in their perfect form. The play is about the human soul conceiving of things being as good as they could be (as if cleansed by water), reaching for the conception, and failing to grasp it - shuttling back and forth, in other words, on the streetcar named desire.

One thing I frequently encourage is making the link between those oft-cited elements of a good essay, themes and quotations. These are not unrelated ingredients, they are the text itself viewed from different distances. A theme (the desire to be cleansed) is a wide shot, and a quotation ('the land of the sky blue water') is a close-up. So the student of English has to practise their ability to zoom in and out.

Another way I try to support my students' studies is by making connections between the texts they are reading, which in my experience doesn't happen that much at school. Particularly at A-level, there are often many fruitful connections between the half-dozen or so texts being studied: the Romantics were devoted to Shakespeare and Milton, the Gothic is an aspect of the Romantic, the Aesthetic Movement drew on particular strains of Romanticism, etc. When these connections get made with reference to particular writers, they are no longer just isms. They make the material deeper and easier to understand at the same time. Towards the end of their school careers, students of the humanities should be able to get the sense of taking part in 'the Great Conversation that began in the dawn of history and that continues to the present day' (Robert M. Hutchins).

Reading

I regularly give my students PDFs of high-quality secondary material pitched at their level or just above it. Explanatory notes, commentaries, and essays can help with understanding, particularly when it comes to context. (And all exam boards have assessment objectives relating to historical context.) To know that a text was written during a particular period and what characterised that period is to have a mental scaffold that does not limit movement but frees it. In studying the humanities we are studying human culture, and no one can do that without a bit of structure. It also helps when thinking about texts in relation to each other - when writing a comparative essay, for example. I like to think of honing in from context to text, e.g. Romanticism (late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries) > William Blake (1757-1827) > 'Songs of Innocence and of Experience' (1794) > 'The Tyger'. (What's 'The Tyger' about? There's a question!)

In my experience, knowledge acquisition operates according to the Matthew principle, named after a verse in the Gospel of Matthew: 'unto every one that hath shall be given'. In other words, the more you've got, the more you'll get. Every time you learn something about Romanticism, the greater will be your understanding of the poetry of William Blake. Your internal bookshelves expand - more connections, greater understanding. Reading secondary material is obviously 'extra', but it works to enhance students' understanding of set texts rather than crowd them out. Homer Simpson said, 'every time I learn something new, it pushes some old stuff out of my brain', and we laugh because it's not true. You can't fill up a brain, so the cliché about people's (particularly young people's) limitless potential is true. Every time you learn something new, you enrich your contextual understanding of everything else you have ever learnt. '[E]very moment is a new and shocking / Valuation of all we have been', as T. S. Eliot put it in 'East Coker'.

Writing

Speaking and reading are in a concrete way preparation for writing. If you think and make notes while speaking and reading, by the time it comes to writing an essay, the question should not be about what to say, but how to arrange the things you want to say. So annotation is an important skill. It's a bit like getting 'in the zone' for a sportsperson - students must practise getting there and staying there. I model the annotation process something like this:

Read with a pencil in your hand. What makes you underline? Something fires in your brain, so that you have a response - you spot a developing theme, you're reminded of another book, you agree or disagree, there's a word you don't know and need to look up, you like the way a sentence sounds. It could be anything. Read until you've underlined twenty words or sentences. Work out the three or four connections between the things you have to say, and you've got a paragraph plan. Work out the main thing you have to say, and you have a thesis for your essay, which, as you aim your paragraphs at it, will accumulate force.

A lot of learning (and life) is about noticing connections, so getting into the habit of doing so is something like learning how to learn. If a student has developed this habit, they shouldn't really have to think 'What shall I write?' in front of a blank sheet of paper or screen. The content of the essay will be a sort of emanation of prior thinking.

When it comes to giving students feedback, I keep in mind one of the best incites I heard early in my PGCE: attend to your students' writing as you would a piece of literature. This way, the marking progress becomes analogous to the writing process. What are all the things that could make this essay better? And is there a connection between them, i.e. what's the main thing this student needs to focus on? (I usually give feedback using comments and 'track changes' in Microsoft Word.)

Why study English?

It has been said that 'If you can think, and speak, and write, you are absolutely deadly', and I think that's right. Learning how to construct and articulate good arguments is learning how to impose ideas on the world. To the extent that English is about feelings, it is about their articulation, and there is a great deal to learn about how feelings have been and can be articulated. Moreover, because English is the medium of instruction in all other subjects, command of it confers a freedom to range through the history of ideas and discriminate between reliable and unreliable, including online. Language is a prerequisite for thought - doing English properly is learning how to think better.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello, my name is Luisa. I'm a 20-year-old medical student who speaks English, German, Hungarian, and French. Subjects such as business and economics interest me outside of Medicine, and I'm based in Scotland. As a native German, Hungarian, and English speaker (having learned all three at the same time while growing up), I offer a natural teaching approach that matches the way one would learn as a native speaker.

Teaching Experience:
Thus far I have only tutored in German, but I have assisted others informally in subjects such as Biology, Chemistry, Maths, and getting into Medicine.
[As a Medical student my CRB check has also been done.]

Tutoring Approach:
I love past papers! These for me were key when I was revising for my Highers, Advanced Highers, and even for the Medical School entrance exams such as the BMAT, UCAT, and TMS (Germany). I believe they offer key information on what exactly it is you need to know, and to what standard/ depth one must answer questions. At the beginning I like to get a feel for what level of knowledge students have, and together we set goals for what we wish to achieve (e.g. time remaining until the exam, what grade they wish to achieve, if there is any particular section they are struggling with, etc..). Preferably, I like to communicate with my students before the lesson, so we can decide what learning outcomes to focus on during our session, so we can both prepare beforehand.

Subjects

Personal Description:
- Build your child's confidence in maths
- Help them improve with their math results
- Work with an experienced Maths teacher and tutor to support you and your child achieve their goals

Experienced Math teacher in fourth year of teaching in mainstream schools and over a thousand hours of tuition. I will look to support students, working on their weaknesses and building on their strengths so they are ready to reach both their academic and other goals. I enjoy helping students progress within their education whilst enjoying it at the same time.

I am a patient tutor that seeks to understand the student and how I can best help them. I live in Wakefield, Yorkshire though unfortunately I only possess a mild Yorkshire accent!

I have tutored students from around the U.K, Netherlands and America from primary up to college with success at every level. I can provide written feedback from my tutees who have been ecstatic about the tutoring they have received.

I've previously studied at the University of York, worked at L'Oreal and have led several charity initiatives that have raised approx half a million pounds. I currently run an e-commerce business that focuses on technology and other retail items. I enjoy showing students what they can achieve with Maths whether that is the path that they are looking to take or just to pass an exam. I will motivate them within all facets of their life so that they not only become better mathematicians but more confident individuals.

I run and teach within an online tuition centre that focuses on KS3 Maths students up to Further Maths at A Level. I can also direct to you brilliant English and Science Tutors if required.

Individual tutoring costs £50 per hour. This includes a tailored plan, weekly assignments, regular feedback regarding progress and tests to show you the improvements.

For more information, please message me with your requirements and I'll get back to you within 12 hours to support.

Teaching Experience:
Working in schools with students has allowed me to understand how best to support students in groups or one-to-one situations to help them progress as quick as possible. I have over 1,000 hours experience of tuition and am able to support students of all abilities. I have enjoyed supporting students with entrance exams to secondary schools, passing their GCSE and also retaking their Maths GCSE with success in all. I am also able to support students with SEN needs and aim to personalise learning for all so that it is accessible and achievable.

Working with children and young adults for several summers through the National Citizen Service has helped me improve my ability to challenge, motivate and help students progress, helping them reach their goals.

Prior to entering the education sector and working with children, I worked within large corporations in London and have several years of leadership experience through volunteering within the charity sector leading teams that have cumulatively raised half a million pounds.

I studied at the University of York till 2018 and am currently completing my Masters in Development and Education. Through my varied and wealth of experiences I am able to support students from all backgrounds and abilities.

Notable Recent Student Achievements
GCSE Level 3 -> 6 (8 months)
GCSE Level 6 -> 8 (5 months)
GCSE Level 7 -> 9 (7 months)
GCSE Resit Pass (8 months)

Bradford Grammar School 11+ Entry with a Scholarship and placed within the top 5 students (4 months)
Bradford Grammar School 11+ Entry after failing the first entry without tuition, student received tuition and passed the resit (3 months)
Entry to St Aubyn's School - Essex (5 months)
Entry to Thorpe House School (5 months)
Entry to St George's College - Weybridge (7 months)

Tutoring Approach:
I provide individual and group sessions for KS2 - KS5 students. First sessions revolve around testing the student to build up a picture of their strengths and areas of improvement. A plan will be made to help secure the knowledge they have and build up on the things they don't know. For exam candidates, lessons will focus on strengthening key skills and understanding how to approach exam style questions.

For students wishing to pass an entrance exam, I am able to support with Maths and Non - Verbal reasoning for either CEM or GL tests. Starting from September I will be offering weekly group sessions for GCSE and 11+. If you would like to join the classes, message me as places are limited.

I will look to strengthen your child's academic abilities and aspirations. I have had success with both low attainment students and high ability students achieving the grades that they are looking to achieve. Students enjoy my lessons due to my explanations and methods making Math easy to understand.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am currently an undergraduate student at the University of Oxford studying Philosophy, Politics, and Economics. I achieved a distinction in my first year examinations, as well as A* A* A* at A-Level in Maths, Politics, and Economics. I am strongly committed to academic success and hugely passionate about teaching. I am available give online tuition for GCSE Maths and Economics, as well as A-Level Maths, Politics, and Economics. I am also able to provide help with personal statements, the TARA (previously TSA) admissions test for Oxford, and Oxbridge interviews.

Teaching Experience:
I have over two years of experience with private tuition and giving support to younger students in school across a range of subjects. This includes leading group revision sessions as well as providing individual help with exam questions. As well as this, I have spent time in China teaching English to various different age groups. Having sat the exams that my students are working towards, I am in a very strong position to help them succeed.

Tutoring Approach:
I aim to give my students not only a better understanding of the subject content, but also the skills to be able to study effectively. I have found this to be an invaluable skill that will help them massively. Throughout my academic career, I have invested much time into developing the most effective study techniques and understanding the science behind learning. In my lessons, I focus in particular on what students find difficult through listening to them as well as assessing their level through exam questions.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Practising artist and tutor, my work is part of national art and design collections. Founder of an online art gallery. I graduated from the Royal College of Art in London and ENSAD in Paris, I am a guest lecturer at the Royal College of Art and I have over ten years of teaching experience.

Studies:
Royal College of Art, London
ENSAD, Paris
HFG, Karlsruhe, Germany
ENSAN, Nancy, France

Permanent collections :
Neue Sammlung Museum, Munich, Germany
FNAC Fonds National d'Art Contemporain, Paris
IFA Germany, Institute for Foreign Cultural Relations of Germany
Badisches Landesmuseum, Karlsruhe, Germany
Villa Lena Foundation, Palaia, Italy

Teaching Experience:
Portfolio Review
Briefs
Exam entrance
Design
Mixed media art
Painting
My private tutorials are tailored to each students requirements and skill level. I can teach you how to develop your ideas, how to create a unique portfolio, how to build a project to stand out .

Tutoring Approach:
My approach to teaching is adaptable. I am an experienced and dynamic teacher, I like to work in a relax atmosphere yet efficient. I have taught internationally working with students from culturally diverse backgrounds and different levels of English skills.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi! I'm a friendly and enthusiastic tutor who would love to help you understand subjects better. I currently study Biomedical Science at the University of Oxford.
I received A*AA in my A-levels, with a 90 and 92 in maths paper 1 and 2. I also took 12 GCSEs, achieving eight 9s in total, including in Maths, triple sciences and English literature.

Teaching Experience:
I have tutored the 11+ for four years, and am familiar with all common exam boards (GL, CEM, CSSE). Last year, I tutored 3 students for the 11+ with weekly sessions starting from early June, and some more sessions towards the end. Two received offers from Ilford and Woodford county, their first choice grammar school, while the other passed the exam for other grammar schools in the borough.

For GCSE's, I have professional experience tutoring GCSEs and KS3 english, maths and science at an Ofsted-registered tuition centre. I strongly believe with the right support and revision methods, anyone can pass their key subjects, even go on to get grades 2/3 levels higher than their predicted if they revise strategically. I would love to share my tips and tricks for maths, English and the sciences that helped me and many others attain A*s/9s.

Tutoring Approach:
I love Maths and Biology and would love to help you understand them aswell. I will personalise my lessons for each student, taking tests to see where you are weak and then we can improve on those topics.

Subjects