Hemel Hempstead Reading & Writing skills Tutors and Hemel Hempstead Reading & Writing skills Tuition

Personal Description:
Professional tutor (and mum of three) with 20+ years experience, additional needs friendly. 1-2-1, pairs and groups available.

I bring a wealth of knowledge and dedication to my teaching. My background also includes extensive experience in community learning and youth work, which has enriched my approach to education.

I specialise in teaching a wide range of subjects, including math, English and the sciences, catering to all age groups. My diverse skill set and passion for teaching ensure that each student receives personalized and effective guidance.

If you have any questions or would like to learn more about my tutoring services, please feel free to get in touch!

Teaching Experience:
Professional tutor with 20+ years experience - St Andrews Graduate specialising in maths, the sciences, and English, with extensive experience in supporting students with additional needs.

In addition I am experienced in tutoring both one-to-one and to large and small groups. I have also supported adults to improve their literacy and numeracy and have worked with children and young people in classroom settings and youth and holiday clubs.

Tutoring Approach:
My tutoring centers entirely on the student's needs, with learning sessions tailored to their specific requirements. I offer intensive tutoring sessions for several days or weeks leading up to exams, focusing on any problem areas. Additionally, I provide long-term tuition to help students gain a comprehensive understanding of their subjects.

I have a proven track record of successfully assisting students in catching up on missed work due to illness or other reasons, and in helping struggling students significantly improve their grades.

I treat all my students with the same care and respect that I would want for my own children. One of my key skills is putting students at ease, creating a comfortable learning environment where they can thrive. I strongly believe that building and maintaining a positive relationship between learner and teacher is crucial to effective learning.

I am an excellent motivator with a deep understanding of how people learn and respond to different teaching methods.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a fully qualified primary school teacher and have worked as a private tutor since having my first child in 2009. I tutor Maths up to GCSE and English up to Year 9. I also specialise in preparing children for the 11+.

Teaching Experience:
I have six years of full-time primary teaching experience, working within independent and state schools. In addition, I have tutored a range of children aged between 5 and 16 years of age, privately, and within schools for the National Tutoring Covid Catch-Up Programme. As a result, I have a wide knowledge of the National Curriculum.

Tutoring Approach:
I am a patient and caring person who can explain things clearly. I will take the time to ensure that your child understands a concept but will also set high expectations to push them to achieve their full potential. I believe in positivity and praise to build confidence and enthusiasm, which ultimately will aid success.

In terms of availability, I am flexible on days and times.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am 57 now and consider myself to have reached a point where I have experience to share and yet still enjoy working with the students and helping them to get to their own potential. I am family orientated, considered by my friends and colleagues to be warm and nurturing.

I am passionate about my students reaching their potential, even if their starting point is not deemed to be high by academic standards.

I am used to a wide variety of challenges and opportunites having worked with special needs for many years.

Teaching Experience:
I have taught through all the age ranges starting off as a Internationally Qualified Montessori Teacher, working right through to University level as an accelerated learning practitioner (I trained with Tony Buzan). My core specialism is Dyslexia and Special Needs. I have worked with home schooled children for many years as well as continuing to do regular home tutoring after school hours and some Saturday mornings. I still run Montessori workshops particularly for those involved in homehomeschooling. I am also a Qualified and Insured Naturopath and teach a wide variety of alternative health and well-being workshops, as in my experience, health and well being are directly related to the students ability to learn effectively; so many students who have experienced challenges in assimilating learning often are found to have some form of health or allergy issues. .

Tutoring Approach:
I do not do GCSE work, finding that any problems in this area usually have their roots in Key stage 1 -3.

The work I do engage in is in an holistic style of teaching, using where possibly a multi - sensorial and multi -discipline approach.
I believe that a good relationship with the student, which, while still being professional, engenders a sense of trust, caring and belief in the students ability to rise higher than they thought they could.
I feel that one has to enable the student to find out where their true base line is through good assessment, then allow them to work on their challenges through the utilization of their strengths.
I believe in supporting the student in developing their own, successful and sophisticated learning strategies which are unique to their learning style.
I have a current enhanced DBS certificate, am on all three OFSTED registers and an 'Outstanding' grade from OFSTED in our early years work.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a Marine Biologist (PhD) and lecturer in Education. I am currently based in North Berwick, Scotland and have a wide-range of interests such as paddle-boarding, kayaking, hiking, cooking and spending time with my family and friends. I am available for online tutoring in the evenings and the weekends (anytime) and face-to-face for North Berwick.

Teaching Experience:
I have taught English as a Foreign Language for 22 years in the UK and in Japan. I have also worked with students with learning difficulties, which I enjoy very much. I tutor Biology to students across the world including University level and Science up to G.C.S.E /Nat 5.

Tutoring Approach:
Exam technique, technical language, repetition-based learning (English as a foreign language). Kinaesthetic learning.
Patient approach, with the aim of student's gaining confidence in the subject area.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am an arts enthusiast with incisive critical engagement skills and 16 years private tuition experience. I'm able to draw from a wide range of critical theories and approaches when analysing arts and performance related texts. A big fan of film, theatre, visual art, music, literature and comedy. I have taught up to MA level, have directed productions at RADA and currently hold the post of Contextual practice lecturer at Italia Conti Drama school.

Teaching Experience:
I hold an MA from The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) and Kings College and graduated from Royal Holloway in 2011 with the highest degree grade of the graduate year. I was approached by many of my co-students to advise them on essays and creative work and was employed by the Drama department to run workshops for prospective students. I'm now a professional theatre-maker, freelance drama practitioner and public speaking trainer. I have led workshops with a wide spectrum of people from ages 10 up to 75 years old and for organisations including BPP law school, RADA, Italia Conti, University of Bolton, Central Film school and UWL. Alongside tutoring I currently offer essay and dissertation guidance, proofreading and editing services. I also offer audition guidance and monologue tuition for actors and acting students.

Testimonial from Ina:

"Thank you for all your help with my Film Studies, I ended up getting an A* and also an A* in Media Studies. so I got my place at the University of Exeter to study Management with Marketing, thanks a lot, I couldn't have done it without you!"

Testimonial from Nadia:

"Dean's tuition was fantastic! He is patient but he still pushed me to do my best. I am much more confident writing about drama and theatre. Dean made sure I understood everything we talked about which meant I didn't forget it in my exam and I ended up getting an A!"

Testimonial from Yin:

"Dean's guidance really got the best out of me and he pushed me to explore my arguments in my dissertation. He gave me very precise, useful feedback on my dissertation. He is very nice to deal with and speak to and I was so happy with him. He also increased my English vocabulary!"

Testimonial from Kevin:

"I was really unsure and didn't know where to start with my first A2 exams but Dean's help made everything much easier and I feel much calmer and more confident about the rest of my course. Thank you."

Testimonial from Anna:

"Dean tutored my daughter via Skype for her Film Studies A Level. He went out of his way to accommodate the times she was available as this varied greatly week on week, sometimes organising other commitments around her. He always asked in advance what it was she wanted to cover so he could prepare for the session and was very good at explaining things that she didn't understand in some of the films, looking at them in more depth and detail with her. He also helped her with exam technique and she felt that she really got a lot out of the sessions. She has ended up with A A B so she is pretty pleased with that."

Tutoring Approach:
I like to spread a love and enthusiasm for arts and humanities subjects with an emphasis on the potential for personal as well as academic development. I am an adaptive tutor skilled at relating the work to the student's own experiences, ensuring they establish their own academically applicable opinions, ideas and approaches. I'm a meticulous problem solver and am able to pinpoint areas that need attention, particularly in essays, coursework and presentation work. I'm a natural entertainer but always maintain focus on the task at hand, offering insightful, productive and engaging tuition sessions to my students.

I maintain an industry standard cancellation/no show policy, please ask for details.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a Primary trained school teacher with experience in both KS1 and KS2.
I am a mother with three children, one of which had learning problems as a KS1 child, and understand the frustration of the learner and anxiety the parent feels.

Teaching Experience:
Special needs teaching 1:1
1:1 private tuition
10 years Primary KS1 & KS2

Tutoring Approach:
I enjoy helping children reach their potential by being patient and understanding and helping my tutee's discover their most suited method and style for learning, in the area that they find challenging.
I teach using visual, auditory and kinesthetic methods, depending on my pupils learning style.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I work in tutoring, teaching and PhD proof-reading. I am currently working in local colleges as an English GCSE teacher. I am currently tutoring students in English GCSE and A-Level.

I am also tutoring younger students in their creative writing. I am interested in drama, poetry and art. I have performed spoken-word poetry in Manchester and headlined a couple of nights.

I have 12 years' experience teaching A-Level and GCSE English, as well as tutoring and teaching Latin. I also have experience of teaching English to other language speakers. I have also worked with adults taking the written elements of practical exams, such as massage and nail-tech.

Teaching Experience:
I have worked for six years as a tutor to students aged 10 and over, helping with English, Maths, Latin and Creative Writing.

For the past ten summers I have taught university entrance and study-skills at Southampton University, helping students to improve their essay-writing and critical reading.

I am also confident in being able to explain English grammar and writing structure in a fun and interesting way and I can also help students prepare for university courses and to study A-Levels and Access courses.

I have also taught Latin, Study Skills and GCSE Maths. I have designed and run a Latin evening course, as well as several programmes of creative writing for children.

Tutoring Approach:
I like to make lessons interesting and encourage students to work creatively. We can work together to discuss an upcoming or recent exam and look at the strategy. We can also look at the syllabus and decide which aspects to focus on. Often it helps to work on structure and on managing time effectively in exams.

I believe that learning can combine fun and practical skills, such as self-editing, lateral thinking and creativity. These skills will help students pass formal exams through overall writing confidence.

Students need to enjoy the subject in order to understand it fully. When they approach questions from a position of confidence and relaxation, they can answer them more effectively. This sometimes involves discussion of the topics involved, especially when studying literature.

A tutor works best when they are providing an alternative to school-based education and a good tutor will enable their student to explore around a topic and to discuss any particular issues and concerns.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I have been a fully qualified teacher for over 6 years and I absolutely love what I do! I have particular interest in working with children on a 1-1 basis as I love to personalise their learning and help them to see things in a different way then they may have been taught and not quite understand before.

I strongly believe that if children are having fun then they will learn and be able to reach their full potential. I have seen such wonderful results with this over my teaching career so far. I create small achievable targets for my children so not only their learning can progress but so can their confidence!

No child should ever be worried about learning as we all learn things at different rates and in different ways! It's our job as teachers to ensure we find the best way for them!

Teaching Experience:
I have been a qualified teacher for over 6 years and I have been lucky enough to teach in London and in Wales. I am currently a full time class teacher in a Welsh primary school.

I have been running my own private tuition sessions for over a year now. We do have lots of positive feedback that has been left and there are lots of lovely pictures of the children on there taking part in some of the activities we do.

Tutoring Approach:
I tutor children in my own purpose built classroom in Mold - just off the A55.

There is a coffee shop 2 mins drive away if parents want to stay close by or a soft play center (Infinity) just on the corner if little ones need entertaining whilst waiting for a sibling.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello!! My name is James and I am currently doing an undergraduate degree in Applied Linguistics with Teaching English as a Secondary or Other Language.
Once I have completed this degree I will be starting a masters in TESOL with a focus on second language acquisition.

As well as this degree, I have also completed a CELTA qualification as well as an accredited 120 hour TEFL qualification.

I have travelled to many countries across Europe which has enabled me to have a deep appreciation of different cultures, as well as understanding how difficult it can be to learn a language.

I am a native English speaker with a (mostly) neutral accent.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching private one-to-one lessons for over a year with a variety of students with different needs. These include IELTS preparation, Cambridge Certificate preparation as well as general conversation practice among many other various needs

Tutoring Approach:
All lessons will be tailored to your needs as the learner.

I drive which means I am available to travel to your house or you are welcome to my home for lessons there. We can also meet in a neutral place, for example, a library or coffee shop.

My tutoring approach is to have lessons which are fun, engaging and informative using a communicative approach.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi my name is Tuba and I can confidently say that teaching SEN and working with students who have additional needs is my passion!

I am originally from Turkey and I came to England to pursue my dream as an SEN specialist. I studied MA Special Educational Needs and Inclusive Education at Manchester Metropolitan University.

Since I finished my masters degree in 2020, I have been tutoring several students with different needs around Manchester. Although I gained confidence and deeper knowledge within my studies, I was definetly missing out of the joy of teaching during my studies :)

Teaching Experience:
Teaching/Tutoring Experience

In 2014, I got my qualified teacher status as a Primary school teacher within 4 years of Bachelor's degree back in Turkey. The last 2 years of my studies was including teaching experience and I actively worked in several schools during this time as a teaching assistant as well as the main teacher. Prior to that, I had several 1-1 tutees since 2010 as the qualification that I was getting was in high demand! During my BA studies, I tutored more than 20 primary school students on a regular basis.

After I graduated in 2014, I started to work in a primary school for 6 months, then I decided to get trained in Special Needs Education as Special Needs support in Turkey is one-on-one basis. That's something that I realised during my education and work experience- I was enjoying and working the best if I was working 1-1 basis. Thus, I got trained by the Ministry of Education in Turkey as Special Needs Expert.

Between 2015-2018 I worked as a Special Needs Specialist (1-1 support) across several schools. I worked with more than 150 students who have ASD, ADHD, dyslexia, learning disabilities, down syndrome, multiple and profound learning disabilities, visual and hearing impairments. I worked with students from age 2 to 30. In the mean time, I topped up my knowledge studying 2 years foundation degree in Child Development to have more of a professional perspective on early years/Foundation stage.

In 2018, I moved to England to start my MA studies in Special Needs and carried on teaching 1-1 ever since I graduated in 2020.

I worked with several children/teenagers/young adults across Manchester within different settings. I got trained in Applied Behavioural Analysis/ABA and tutored in this area offering behavioural support alongside the academic support I have been offering.

I got regular students in Manchester , offering home schooling, pastoral and behavioural support on a regular basis. I have also offered short term interventions , behavioural/emotional support to students who have different needs during this period.

I offer online support as well as in person sessions if you are local to Manchester.

Should you require further information , please don't hesitate to get in touch.

Best wishes,

Tuba

Tutoring Approach:
Tutoring Approach

As an Inclusive Education graduate, my teaching approach is 'One size does not fit all!'. Meaning, we all have different needs -with or without- any labels.

For a start, I meet the parents to discuss their expectations and their desires for their children. Then, to go further - I would like to meet the students to briefly assess what they need or simply, to see if we get along. It is important to make a proper plan in accordance with the parents' expectations and children's need and suitability.

My motto is - you have to respect the children/young adults if you want them to respect you. Each child have things to teach you if you listen to them carefully.


You can get in touch with me for any services in relation to special needs from age 2-30.

Please contact me with any queries.


Thank you for your time :)

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello! My name is Vicki and I am a fully qualified primary school teacher with over 12 years experience teaching across key stage one and two in Lincolnshire schools. I hold QTS and an enhanced DBS certificate.

Teaching Experience:
During my career I have been a literacy specialist and tutor for 11+ entrance exams. I have taught whole classes, intervention groups and tutored on a 1:1 basis.

Tutoring Approach:
Tutoring is the perfect opportunity for me to get the most from your child, Working one to one gives me the privilege of being able to tailor and personalise my tutorials to your child's learning style and ability. I am able to assess for next steps in learning in a way that the classroom environment often does not allow and I can develop your child's confidence where it really matters and challenge and extend where needed.

Currently, due to Covid restrictions I am tutoring through Zoom and Bitpaper.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi! My name is Kathryn and I am a primary school teacher and mummy to two young children. I have been teaching for 9 years and my specialism is Early Years, although I have plenty of experience across the primary age range. I am hoping to do some online tutoring on the side of my day job. I am able to work evenings, weekends and occasional weekday hours. Looking forward to hearing from you and your little ones!

Teaching Experience:
I achieved a BEd in Primary Teaching with specialism of Early Years at Chester University in 2011 and achieved Qualified Teacher Status in 2012. I have always been in a permanent job role and worked my way up to become and Early Years Leader. I am currently teaching in Year 3 and have experience across Foundation Stage, KS1 and KS2.

Tutoring Approach:
I like to build up positive working relationships with children and their families and get to know the learning styles of individual children. I then deliver my tutoring in a way that meets the needs, abilities and interests of the children. This ensures we get the most out of the time we spend together in a session and enables children to work towards their full potential.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a fully qualified and GTCS registered primary teacher of over fifteen years. I have considerable experience across all ages and stages and have extensive experience working with children with additional support needs, both in a classroom setting and 1-1 tutoring. I have a proven track record in delivering excellence and in supporting learners with a range of needs.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching for 10 years across all stages of the primary curriculum. I have experience of working with children with a range of additional support needs in the classroom and 1-1.

Tutoring Approach:
I try to make my tutoring sessions fun and interactive, using a mixture of ICT, games while maintaining a focus on formal written methods. I have experience of tutoring both maths and language and working to support learners needs such as hearing impairments, ASD and dyslexia.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a current PG student in Engineering at Newcastle University, I completed my Bachelors in Engineering as well in Electronics and Communication. I've completed my high school as a Science student in an English Medium School.

Teaching Experience:
I had the opportunity to take a communication session in my college back in my undergrad days. Apart from that I had taken a few classes for some modules for my undergrad classmates.

Tutoring Approach:
Based on the students area of concern , I will start from the basics and then gradually move towards more complex lessons while ensuring I take feedback from the student on my tutoring method so I can tweak my approach accordingly.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Kierri & I've been a professional tutor for the last 15 years. I genuinely love to learn and believe I learn as much from my students, as they do from me. I'm a writer & a poet & though young people don't always favour these topics, I believe my passion for English, really inspires and motivates students and if they don't catch the inspiration for learning, their grades naturally raise as they go along. So it's a win win for me and for the student.

Teaching Experience:
I've dedicated my professional life to teaching & I much prefer teaching students one on one. They get the generalised teaching at school & then they get the attention they truly deserve in the comfort of their own homes. Schools teach students to pass exams, I tutor to encourage a love for learning and overall development. I've been dedicated for 15 years and have taught hundreds of children and adults, of all ages and at all levels and abilities - including children with SEND needs.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach to teaching is tailored to the individual in front of me. If they need a conservative, structured lesson or a more casual, relaxed environment - then that is what they will have. A completely personalised experience, yet not stuffy or boring. Students must take a role in their own learning & not feel like they're under constant authority. Every student learns in a different way and I adapt my teaching style to suit each person.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I have been working in the pharmaceutical industry for 2 years in process control and regulatory affairs. In these roles, I have written scientific summaries for public dissemination, including industry guidance and legal representations submitted to court. Additionally, I have responded directly to inquiries from members of the public, effectively communicating complex ideas in clear, accessible language. I have strong IT skills and the ability to plan and prioritise tasks.

I have a comprehensive academic background in biological sciences, holding both a BSc and an MSc in the subject area. I have always studied in the UK and I have two siblings, one younger and one older, who have done the same. This has allowed me to observe the evolution of the national curriculum over the years and stay well-acquainted with it. I also believe my solid subject knowledge makes me capable of working to any changes. I am passionate about education and fostering a love for learning in students.

Outside of science, I have rather varied interests and hobbies. I enjoy keeping fit and go rock climbing regularly with friends. I am also an experienced traveller and have visited over a dozen countries across Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. My enjoyment of these and so many other different activities enables me to find commonalities with an array of individuals, which fosters connectivity, a skill I think serves me well as a teacher/tutor.

Teaching Experience:
I worked as an EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teacher with children aged 7-15 for 1 year in South Korea. I also have previous experience as a Young Leader with Girlguides aged 10-14 for ~3 years and as a Playworker at my local primary school for 1 year.

I have seen first-hand the difference I can make working as a teacher and experienced the pure fulfilment that comes from watching my students grow and develop. In the year I spent working full-time as an English teacher for elementary-middle school children in South Korea, I was responsible for developing syllabi, designing and delivering lessons, creating new learning materials, grading coursework, and ensuring the welfare of pupils. This role developed my ability to communicate and connect with children and young adults, taking the time to understand each one in order to adapt to their specific needs and effectively motivate them through challenging tasks.

Tutoring Approach:
I strive to create a supportive and approachable learning environment where students feel comfortable asking questions and seeking help. My confident yet friendly and adaptable nature allows me to build strong relationships with students, earning their respect while ensuring they never feel intimidated.

I recognise that every student is unique, with their own strengths, challenges, and learning styles. Because of this, I take the time to understand each student individually, tailoring my teaching approach to suit their specific needs. Whether that means adjusting the pace of a lesson, using different explanations, or incorporating more interactive elements, I am committed to ensuring that every student has the best possible opportunity to grasp new concepts and progress.

I remain calm and solution-focused when faced with challenges, whether managing student behaviour or handling unexpected technical difficulties. I view each lesson as an opportunity to grow, both for my students and myself, and I continuously reflect on ways to improve my teaching approach.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a third-year medical student at Medical University Pleven with a strong academic record and a deep understanding of the competitive medical school admissions process. I achieved a high UCAT score of 2920, and received offers from all three universities where I was interviewed-success that reflects not only academic ability but also strong communication, preparation, and critical thinking skills.

What sets me apart from many other tutors is that I've recently gone through the exact same process, giving me unique insight into what current applicants truly need to succeed. I combine this up-to-date experience with a patient, structured, and supportive approach that helps students build confidence as well as competence.

Teaching Experience:
While I may not have formal tutoring experience, I treat every student with the care and attention I would give a younger sibling. Parents can trust that I'm committed, organised, and fully invested in helping their child succeed-not just academically, but also personally, as they take on the challenges of applying to medicine.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach to tutoring is personalized, goal-oriented, and focused on building true understanding rather than just providing answers. I begin by identifying the student's current level, goals, and specific challenges to tailor the learning experience to their needs. I break down complex concepts into clear, manageable steps, often using analogies, examples, or visuals to make the material more relatable. I encourage active learning by asking guiding questions and prompting students to explain ideas in their own words, which helps reinforce their understanding. Practice and immediate feedback are key parts of my process, allowing students to apply what they've learned and quickly correct any misunderstandings. I continually adjust my approach based on the student's progress, moving at a pace that supports both comprehension and confidence. Ultimately, my goal is to help students become independent, critical thinkers who feel confident in their abilities.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Dr Nicky is an Academic Tutor and Coach for university students, specialising in supporting those undertaking Master's degree programmes in the United Kingdom. A former Professor of Law at Cardiff University with over two decades of teaching and research experience at leading UK universities, and now the Coach and Tutor at Master's Degree Expert, she brings both intellectual depth and genuine care to her work.

Drawing upon her background as a scholar and educator, Nicky helps students build confidence, achieve clarity, and reach their full potential in academic writing, research, and critical thinking. Across her university career and private tutoring practice, she has supported many thousands of students to succeed in their studies - spanning fields such as economics, philosophy, law, politics, business studies, sports science, social sciences, nursing, and communication studies.

Teaching Experience:
With more than twenty years in higher education, Nicky has taught and mentored students at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She has led countless modules and entire postgraduate programmes, as well as overseeing curriculum development and postgraduate education at school level.

Her teaching has always been interactive, friendly, and student-focused, creating motivating learning environments where students feel supported and inspired to achieve their best. Her particular expertise lies in working with Master's students and adult learners, guiding hundreds through the process of planning and completing dissertations. Under her mentorship, students learn how to develop sophisticated arguments, communicate complex ideas clearly, and take pride in their academic achievements - with many going on to earn distinctions and present or publish their work.

Tutoring Approach:
As an Academic Tutor and Coach, Nicky's approach is grounded in encouragement, clarity, and empowerment. She believes that great tutoring is about unlocking each student's potential - helping them to feel capable, confident, and genuinely engaged with their subject.

Her sessions are highly personalised and goal-oriented, focusing on the skills that matter most for success at Master's level: strong academic writing, critical thinking, and effective research design. Nicky combines the insight of an experienced educator with the warmth of a supportive mentor, ensuring that every student not only meets academic expectations but exceeds them.

Her aim is to make learning feel purposeful and fulfilling - to help students see their progress, take ownership of their ideas, and produce work that truly reflects their capabilities.

Subjects