Gainsborough Mandarin Tutors and Gainsborough Mandarin Tuition

Personal Description:
I am a PGCE-qualified teacher with two Master's degrees, and I also serve as a Cambridge International examiner. My teaching expertise covers Mandarin GCSE (9-1), IGCSE, GCE (A level), HSK, Japanese GCSE (9-1), and JLPT qualifications. I teach my students both on-site and via Zoom for private students.

Teaching Experience:
I teach both Mandarin and Japanese at local independent schools and universities, and I am also an experienced private tutor. I instruct both simplified and traditional Chinese, as well as Japanese, to both native and non-native students, including professionals. Over the past decade, my students have consistently achieved outstanding results in Edexcel Chinese (9-1) and Japanese GCSEs (9-1), earning A* and Grade 9. Additionally, they have excelled with As in A-level Chinese.

I've successfully tutored numerous students who pursued further 'Oriental studies' at Oxford University, completed an MPhil in Chinese studies at Oxford, and Japanese at Leeds University and Cardiff University.

In addition, I possess a strong working knowledge of the national curriculum and am very familiar with the demands and expectations of both state and independent schooling.

Tutoring Approach:
Encouraging, effective, student-centered approach, and developing a love for learning.

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Personal Description:
I had been a qualified teacher of English in China for nearly four years before i came to the UK. I can speak good English and Madarin and Contonese. I have been working as a voluntary teacher teaching kids mandarin every Sunday. I have just got a master's degree in language learning and education at the university of york in November 2012. I am currently working as a Chinese tutor.

Teaching Experience:
April 2009-present,
Voluntary worker
Work as a voluntary teacher teaching kids who want to learn Chinese every Sunday
August 2005-March 2009, TAI SHAN NO.1 High School Guang Dong China
English teacher
Worked as a full-time English teacher teaching students aged 16-18 who are going to enter the universities. Gave two or three classes every day on English words, grammar and English cultures etc.

Tutoring Approach:
face-to-face tutoring. Flexible pedagogy is adopted according to students' needs.

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Personal Description:
I am a Chinese oversea student who have studied at plymouth for 2 years now. I am looking for a part-time job to counteract my living costs, also making friends all around the world.

Teaching Experience:
No actual related teaching experience.

Tutoring Approach:
to be discussed

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Personal Description:
I am a native Chinese speaker and can speak fluent Cantonese and Mandarin.
I also teach Piano, Trombone, Double Bass and Music Theory up to Grade 8 and Jazz Piano up to Grade 5 as I have all the qualifications in those instruments.
Piano lesson starting from £40 per hours depends on level.

Teaching Experience:
I have 16 years of teaching experience of Music, Maths and Chinese.

Tutoring Approach:
I am patient in teaching and would like to work together with student step by step until they understand all the things.

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Personal Description:
ONLINE OR Face to face LESSONS AVAILABLE .

Qualified teacher for over 20 years, including GCSE A Level KS3 Also delivering the oral part of exams.

As a speaker of four languages I know what it feels like to be a student as well as a teacher, so I like to ensure my lessons are not boring but also not just fun and no learning development happens.

I have a purpose designed classroom in my house, with whiteboards etc and a wealth of teaching material, a real teaching environment encourages good learning.

Teaching Experience:
From 2017 to date I have had many students pass GCSE and A-Levels.

Since 2015 I have also been teaching Mandarin at a local private school.

In August 2015 I travelled to Beijing to undertake further teacher training at the Beijing Language & Culture University, as I feel it is important to not become complacent and look to learn new methods and techniques.

2006-date Having moved to the UK I have taught at BBC Worldwide, London Conversation Piece, Basingstoke Queen Mary College, as well as numerous one to one classes for adults and children of all levels from holiday conversations, academic like GCSE & A Levels and professional usage such as legal, museums etc.

2001-2005 Qualified as a Mandarin teacher at the Taipei Langauge Insitute and taught people from the UK, USA, Japan and numerous other countries.

Tutoring Approach:
Every student is different so whilst my all classes cover the basics, they all are developed to personally meet your requirements and expectations.

I use various teaching methods, such as role play, newspapers, television episodes, even a trip to Chinese restaurant as well as a variety of text books and mock tests.

I will explain the grammar and how culture effects the language.

I speak with the standard correct Chinese pronunciation and use both simplified and traditional characters and even classical.

It is important to me that you both enjoy the classes but also see your Chinese develop.
Naturally lessons will cover, talking, reading, writing, listening

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Personal Description:
Hello! I'm Ching-Yi, a friendly and passionate Mandarin teacher from Taiwan, now living in the UK. Mandarin is my native language, and I've been helping students of all ages learn Chinese for over 15 years-both in Taiwan and the UK.

Learning a new language should be meaningful and fun, so I blend structured lessons with real-life conversation. Whether we're talking about family, food, travel, or pets, I help students build confidence in expressing themselves naturally in Mandarin.

I like to think of my students as friends-we laugh, explore, and grow together while diving into the language and culture.

Teaching Experience:
Teaching Experience in Taiwan
• Started teaching Mandarin to Western learners back in 2005
• Created beginner-friendly and culturally rich courses focused on everyday Mandarin
• Background in Public Finance, with 6 years of accounting experience in Taichung (yes, numbers and spreadsheets were part of my past life!)

Teaching Experience in the UK
• Been teaching Mandarin since moving to the UK in 2008
• Freelance translator & interpreter with Woking Interpreting and Translation Service (2011-2017)
• Currently teaching at Orpington Chinese Language School (since Nov 2022) - working with amazing students aged 5-16 from all backgrounds
• Lessons focus on speaking, listening, cultural stories, songs, and games!

Tutoring Approach:
One-to-One or Learn Together - You Choose!
Most students love the 1-to-1 learning experience, but if your child has a friend or sibling who'd like to learn together - even better!
For every extra student in the same session, the fee is half price! (Yes, half! )

Why Learn Mandarin with Me?
Whether your child is a complete beginner or studying for exams, my goal is to help British students build confidence in Mandarin language and culture - and actually enjoy it along the way!

To spark their interest, I mix interactive resources, creative worksheets, fun videos, and even some materials I've designed myself.
With me, students don't just learn Mandarin - they experience it, and many become inspired to take it further at school, in future studies, or even their careers.

For School-Age Students
Need help preparing for assignments or exams? I provide focused, friendly support to help students improve performance, deepen understanding, and feel more confident - without the pressure.

How Much Does It Cost?
My tuition fees are based on lessons from home or online.
If I need to travel to you, there will be a small additional fee depending on the distance.

Let's chat and work out what suits you best!

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Personal Description:
Hello, I am Suzy. I was born in Shanghai and educated at Shanghai Teachers University. I have lived in the UK since 2001.

I specialise in Mandarin Chinese at GCSE and A level. Since 2012, I have taught both Edexcel and AQA exam boards pat private schools and Oxford Sixth Form College. All of my students have achieved Grade 9 at GCSE and Grade A at A level.

I have over 25 years of experience teaching Mandarin to both adults and children.

A few points you should know about me:

• Excellent communication and organisational skills
• Flexible with time allocation for learners
• Able to put learners at ease and help them enjoy the learning process

I hold three enhanced DBS certificates and have completed child protection training, safeguarding adults awareness training, and a diversity in the workplace course.

Teaching Experience:
Over 25 years of experience teaching Mandarin Chinese to both children and adults.
• Teaching British diplomats
• Teaching Edexcel, AQA GCSE and A Level Chinese at private schools
• Teaching private students business Chinese from global companies on a one-to-one basis

Tutoring Approach:
• Excellent communication and organisational skills
• Flexible with time allocation for learners
• Able to put learners at ease and help them enjoy the learning process
• Skilled at challenging students to take responsibility, reach their potential, stay motivated, and develop knowledge, skills, and understanding
• Provides caring, dedicated, enthusiastic, and expert teaching
• Able to identify each individual's strengths, achievements, and current learning situation

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Personal Description:
I am proud to have consistently helped over 90% of my students achieve their desired grades and gain entry to their chosen universities, including Cambridge, Oxford, Manchester, Warwick and Imperial College.
I have a PhD in Physics and BSc Maths/Physics Jt Honours 1st Class. I am a co-author of over 60 peer reviewed papers in science journals and was a research scientist for 27 years in the world renowned Daresbury Laboratory of the Science and Technology Facilities Council which helps keep the UK at the forefront of international science and technology. I ran the operations of a world class X-ray photoelectron spectrometer for a wide range of applications in physics, chemistry, biology and material science.
I am a qualified martial arts instructor and teach the Chinese Wing Chun system. I believe sports can contribute towards an all round education and under proper supervision, martial arts can offer health benefits and is beneficial for mental and physical discipline. I am also interested in the promotion of the Chinese language because I am of Chinese origin and can speak Cantonese and Mandarin fluently. I also enjoy salsa dancing, music, fell walking, yoga and travel.

Teaching Experience:
Although semi-retired, I am still passionate about science and after gaining my PGCE teaching qualification in 2012, I am now embarking on helping GCSE and A level students with private tuition. My vast experience in training postgraduate students and working with scientists in solving real problems both academically and in industry brings in an invaluable real life dimension to the learning experience of the students.

Tutoring Approach:
My teaching is conducted in a relaxed but studious atmosphere and is tailored to individual needs with realistic targets. I use effective questioning and past examination papers for assessment which allow students to monitor their own progress.
I was a 16 year old migrant from Hong Kong when I first came to England in 1973, so I can certainly relate to problems such as racism, misunderstanding of and by others, loneliness, lack of empathy and learning barriers.

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Personal Description:
I am a native speaker of Mandarin. I am a graduate student who study Radio in University of London. My BA degree is Journalism and I graduated from one of top universities in Mainland China. I am good at Mandarin. I love to talk and communicate.

Teaching Experience:
attend the language exchange group and tech people Mandarin.

Tutoring Approach:
Chinese phonetic alphabet
Chinese characters and pronunciation
useful sentence and dialogue

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Personal Description:
I'm Nonie. I'm originally from Taiwan. I have lived and studied in several countries and speak several languages. I speak fluent Mandarin, Taiwanese, English and Japanese. I also speak conversational German and Spanish. I haven't stopped learning languages because it's such a fun thing to do.

I have taught in junior school and secondary schools in England for a few years. Now I base in Wales. I work with Confucius Institute teachings students in University of Wales Trinity Saint David. I also give private lessons in person and online. Apart from that, from time to time, I work with the Reaching Wider Department of Swansea University, teaching Mandarin, the culture and the art of writing such as Chinese Calligraphy to pupils of different ages.

I would love to be able to share my language learning and teaching experiences with whoever finds learning languages difficult, especially with the ones who find reading and writing Chinese impossible.

There are many ways that you can learn Mandarin. I assure you that you'd not just be writing characters but singing and playing games with me. You will have access to the learning materials online and on apps. Whenever you have time, you'd be able to access them and play the games. If you are almost giving it up, give me a shout and I might just get you back on track!

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching Mandarin to adults for years. Currently I am teaching Mandarin at high schools in London and also teaching private students from age 6.

Tutoring Approach:
Apart from text books, I use traditional games, board games, songs and other activities to help students learning. I share my language learning skills with my students and break down words for them so it is easier for them to understand and remember.

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Personal Description:
I am a native speaker in Mandarin with a standard accent and I am currently teaching Mandarin in the UK .
I studied Chinese Language and Literature for four years in China.
I graduated in MA Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages.
I have been teaching Chinese to speakers of other language over 6 years.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching Chinese to speakers of other language over 6 years in both University and language institute in China
I teach beginners Mandarin and teach learners with higher level purpose .
I also have been teaching and helping students acquire mandarin for travelling, business , daily communicating etc.
I taught different classes . And my students from different age groups from 6 years old kids to 50 plus years old adults.
Generally my students could communicate with native freely during 3 months learning in my classes, and almost all my students could reach the HSK(Chinese proficiency Test) level 2 or level 3 through 6 months learning.
After 6-month teaching in this Institute I assistant teaching supervisor to give training to new Chinese teachers.

Tutoring Approach:
Normally my lessons are tailored to students' interests.I prefer to introduce Chinese culture, history and dialects to students.
Using games to help students memorise characters.
Teaching plan is flexible depending on which level you want to achieve.

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Personal Description:
Hello my name is Cissy. I am from Shanghai, China. Mandarin is my native language and I provide private Mandarin tuition as my full time work now. I have been a personal Chinese tutor since 2006 to children and adults in China as part

Teaching Experience:
I have successfully taught students of all levels from complete beginner to immediate level and advanced speaking and business level Mandarin. My teaching is mainly 1 on a 1 basis, and the class content is tailored to each students needs. I can also teach groups of students if required.

Tutoring Approach:
As a Chinese language teacher I believe I am not just teaching a language, but also introducing Chinese culture to students. My teaching is never only based on textbooks. I like to integrate topics from world news and TV, and mixed with Chinese films and music.

I have lived in London since 2011 and I constantly travel between the UK and China. I have no trouble in communicating Chinese meanings of words and explaining complicated language structures to my students. In my teaching experience over seven years, I have found that most UK students feel Chinese pronunciation the most difficult and the grammar can be confusing. Therefore in my teaching I make special efforts on explaining the varied language senses/logics between English and Chinese. I often draw examples from both languages and compare them.

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Personal Description:
I graduated from university in China with a major in Journalism. I worked for more than five years at provincial and municipal television stations in China as a presenter, and I obtained certification in the National Putonghua Proficiency Test. In order to further enhance my skills, I pursued a Master's degree in International Business at a university in the UK, which I successfully completed. From the above, it can be seen that my proficiency in Chinese comes from my background in Journalism, while my international perspective is derived from studying International Business at the Master's level.

I am a loving, patient teacher with a strong sense of responsibility and I truly love Chinese language teaching.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching Chinese for nearly 10 years, and during this time I also founded my own Chinese school, offering courses from beginner to intermediate and advanced levels. The main exams I prepare students for include YCT1-4, HSK1-6, GCSE Chinese, A-LEVEL Chinese, Business Chinese (from beginner to advanced), and more. My students have achieved outstanding results: a 100% pass rate for YCT1-4 with average scores above 90, GCSE Chinese students scoring 8 A+ or above, National 5 Mandarin students receiving A grades, A-LEVEL Chinese students achieving 8 A+ or above, and a recent student scored 260 out of 300 on the HSK4 Exam.

I can help students of any Chinese proficiency level reach their desired goals. I am a very kind and patient teacher with a high sense of responsibility. With the rapid development of internet technology and to save time and convenience, many students prefer to learn online. Would you like to learn Chinese online? Would you like me to teach you Chinese?

Tutoring Approach:
My Chinese teaching method primarily involves using both English and Chinese simultaneously. For beginner students, English is used more frequently than Chinese. However, as teaching progresses and students' proficiency in Chinese improves, Chinese gradually becomes the dominant language. Of course, the use of both languages varies randomly and is never fixed.

In classroom, I practice different teaching methods e.g. entertaining and interactive lectures and follow through induction, these effectively stimulate students' interest and enthusiasm in learning Chinese.

Furthermore, individualized instruction is the primary teaching method I employ in Chinese language teaching. Different students have different comprehension abilities, which requires teachers to continuously adapt to their students. I am a caring and patient teacher, but I also maintain a certain level of strictness. In my teaching, I promptly provide assistance and corrections tailored to students' specific challenges, allowing them to progress more effectively.

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Personal Description:
Native Mandarin speaker born and raised in China, systematically educated to a high standard (graduated from primary, middle and high schools). Highly educated, successfully graduated with a couple of academic degrees from top British universities including Imperial College London. Currently working in banking in the city of London.

Teaching Experience:
Many years of one to one experiences with private school students from Tonbridge and Sevenoaks as well as younger kids and mature students.

Tutoring Approach:
I have had experience teaching children from a young age as well as mature students, therefore I am more than happy to customize teaching pace and technique according to the requirement of my students.

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Personal Description:
I graduated from Imperial in 2015, studying mathematics & statistics, and am currently working as a consultant at McKinsey London.
A-level results: 4As*1A for Mathematics, Further Mathematics, Physics, Economics and Thinking Skills.
I am passionate about teaching and have been teaching since 2011.

Academic subjects help:
I have been tutoring Maths, English, Physics, and Mandarin since 2011.
I have also taught classes at top schools around the world.
My specialty is with coaching high performing students who are preparing for entrance exams such as Oxford MAT, STEP, and public school exam preps; and mathematical competitions such as the Math Olympiads, UKMT challenges etc.
I also like helping out with math projects.

Job hunting help:
With working experiences/job offers/internships at top consulting firms, accounting firms, investment banking firms, and FTSE100 firms. I can help with CV writing, technical and tests taking skills, and interview preparations to boost your chances to get jobs. I can also help with more specialised skills for consulting jobs.

Additional information:
-Language speaking and writing skills:
English, Mandarin (first languages)
Malay, Hokkien/Taiwanese, Cantonese (fluent)
French (beginner)
-Awards and Scholarships:
Silver and Bronze medals for various Mathematical Olympiads
Champion for the University of Waterloo`s Euclid Mathematics competition
7 High Distinctions from Australian Math Competitions and New South Wales Math Competition
Offered the prestigious ASEAN Scholarship to study in Singapore for my GCSE and A-level
Other private scholarships to further my studies in colleges and universities

Teaching Experience:
-9 years of tutoring experience.
-Imperial College London M3T Module - Distinction:
mini-thesis on: Difference in teaching approaches between top Asian schools and top British Schools.
-Taught more than 50 students on GCSE, AS, A-level, and university level maths, further maths, and (up to A-level) physics; and have taught many kids and adults learning Mandarin.
-Successfully prepped more than 10 students to qualify for BMO1 and BMO2, and have also coached an IMO gold medallist.
-Worked with UniAdmissions to prep students for Oxbridge Maths, physics and engineering interviews.
-Teaching experiences at top schools: St. Pauls School London, Catholic High School Singapore etc.
-Helped many adults, and university students with job hunting skills.

Tutoring Approach:
I prefer classes to be carried out in small groups, or ideally, one to one.
I try to make the lessons as fun and engaging as possible, as from my experience, that`s the best way to make students want to learn, and remember what they`ve learned.
I use the `5 whys?` approach to prompt student to think by themselves and work towards the answer rather than just relying on the tutor to give them the answers.
If my students show great potential or interest, I am more than willing to introduce more challenging questions and concepts that can be beyond the syllabus (upon request).
I will explain every formula that are introduced briefly so that students first understand how and why they work, which will help them a lot in remembering and when/how to apply them.

Occasionally, A small test will be carried out to judge students` level at the first lesson, I will then have a small chat with them to understand which parts they have least confidence in and know their requirements and aims to ensure we get on track and work towards the correct direction.

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Personal Description:
I'm a lively and friendly person. I was born and raised in Malaysia. I speak fluent English. My first language is Chinese. I have a passion for teaching as the students are always keen on learning. I feel a sense of achievement every time my students learn something new which led me to wanting to teach Mandarin to all age learners.

Teaching Experience:
I once taught a group of 5 students English for five months. I am also currently teaching Mandarin on different teaching websites.

Tutoring Approach:
I am very patient and willing to make friends with my students to create a positive environment where my students are welcome to raise any questions and share their ideas. And knowing that there are different types of learners, I desire to create a positive environment to meet the students' unique needs. I always try to use different resources to help achieve the students' potentials.

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Personal Description:
I am a native Chinese speaker who grew up in a Traditional Chinese environment in Taiwan. I've also studied art, lived and worked in the UK for the last 4 years. Therefore, I have a sufficient understanding of both languages and I've been teaching Chinese to adults and kids for more than 3 years. 

I enjoy helping people express themselves through Chinese, and making the learning process delightful and practical. I also have multiple interests including drawing, yoga, planting, swimming, reading, dancing, going to exhibitions and going camping. I am happy to share things I know with you and learn from your interests. 

Teaching Experience:
In the last three years, I've helped students with different needs, backgrounds,  ages, and different Chinese levels. For example, helping a total beginner to build up a basic knowledge of Chinese, helping intermediates to have daily conversations, and helping the advanced learners to speak precisely in daily and business contexts. 

I can teach in the pin yin or Zhuyin system according to students' needs, and both traditional and simplified Chinese. My previous experiences include preparing a family(aged 6 and aged 35) to move to Chinese speaking country, introducing Chinese to teenagers who are interested in Chinese culture and history, and helping people who want to work bilingually in English and Chinese, as well as support people who had learned Chinese long time ago to pick it up again. 

I am passionate about teaching the Chinese language and culture, and I enjoy seeing my students' joy in achieving and improving.

Tutoring Approach:
We will design the course content together based on your interests, needs, and abilities, and develop it according to your goals. The course can be in full Chinese or half Chinese and half English. 


For beginners, I usually start with building up vocabularies, recognising characters, and speaking, then move on to sentence structures and grammar. I encourage my students to speak and communicate confidently even if it's not perfect, and we will correct the word order and grammar from the conversations. 


I enrich the courses with props, books, games, and videos for students of different ages. My approach is to create an enjoyable and relaxed space for you to speak Chinese and learn from mistakes. I will help you cultivate your confidence with my patient and friendly guidance.

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Personal Description:
I am a former teacher at a GCSE and Sixth Form college in west London. I currently work in the E-learning industry. I also have my own podcast about education, Education Bookcast. I cover a book a week about education research, for the benefit of teachers, parents, and anybody who takes an interest.

I am a Chemical Engineering graduate from Trinity College, Cambridge.

Teaching Experience:
I have worked as a tutor for 7 years in total. My students vary from 11+ to Key stage 3 to GCSE to A-level as well as university level students. I have taught over 70 students one-on-one so far, as well as many more in school and in private courses for examinations such as STEP, usually for several months at a time.

Here are some of the things that my students have said about me:

"Stas is an excellent tutor, I am studying Mechanical Engineering and his knowledge of Maths, Mechanics and Thermo Dynamics is extensive. He explained things in a clear and precise way and was always well prepared for the sessions. He was also punctual and reliable; it was a pleasure to learn from him."
Jack, Liverpool University

"I am currently studying Chemical Engineering, and Stas tutored me for Process Engineering, his teaching was nothing but the best, i understood the course in no time. He explains everything from the basics, something i wanted. Honestly, I will recommend him any day! He is a brilliant tutor."
Zahra, Manchester University

"Stas is an enthusiastic and patient Maths tutor. He has provided me with some very good examples, and has been a great help."
Jim, Manchester Metropolitan University, MA Bioinformatics

"Stas is a great tutor. I feel much more confident with Maths now then I did when we first started. It is evident in my grades that Stas has helped me improve in Maths. He is very good at explaining the material that I don't understand; he uses different scenarios to help explain them which enables me to apply Maths to real life situations. I enjoyed our tuition sessions, as Stas made Maths fun!"
Sehr, Manchester, AS Maths

"My son, Alex was having problem with Biology, so far he had only few lessons with Stas but there's been a huge improvement in his grade already. We have been so impressed with Stas's teaching techniques, that we are taking on extra lessons in Maths and Physics with Stas. Stas is the most genuine teacher I've come across, there is no nonsense with him. I can see that Stas truly enjoys teaching and more importantly my son finds learning from Stas is so enjoyable."
Mel, Cheshire

"Stas has tutored me in Maths, Chemistry and Physics at GCSE level. He is very clear and explains things well. He is also very patient, will listen and when I don't understand will try to explain things in a different way. He has been very supportive throughout my exams and has helped me to feel more confident about them. We went through all of the difficult things I struggled with, so that I had a better understanding of them.
I got A*'s in all the subjects he tutored me. He is helping me with A levels now."
Kaija, London

"This has been our first experience of using a tutor and it has been very good, thanks to Stas. Not only is he very reliable, but my son has enjoyed the sessions and learnt a great deal in terms of problem solving with his maths, Further Maths and Physics. Stas has also been able to help with some more complex Chemistry work. So far, they have worked through the more challenging sections of the Further Maths syllabus and past papers. Most importantly, my son finds their sessions extremely useful and Stas inspirational to work with."
Tamlyn, London

"Stas is extremely easy to get on with, always polite and extremely patient with me.
He maintains a constant positive approach and encourages me dutifully regardless of how badly I perform.
He helps me keep track of how I am improving so that I can watch my progress based on timely reviews of what we have achieved.
Stas is a fantastic guy and a terrific teacher. Based on my experiences I would certainly be able to recommend him to anyone.
Overall Rating (10/10)"
Joe, London

Tutoring Approach:
It is easy to overcomplicate things.

- Anyone can learn anything. It's a matter of method, support, application, and belief.
- Students learn new material at first by seeing a need to learn the new thing (e.g. because they don't know how to solve a new problem), and connecting new information to things they already know.
- They then need to strengthen this understanding by engaging in problems themselves and trying to remember what they have learned.
- Many students need to gain confidence. This partly comes from encouragement, but true confidence comes from progress and success, which comes from following the above.
- Students need guidance. It's challenging enough to try to focus on the material. Teachers need to make sure that all of students' focus is placed on thinking about the content, rather than on sideline issues like trying to figure out what comes next.
- Efficiency is important. Most people have specific targets (e.g. passing an exam). Things need to happen quickly.
- At the same time, early stages sometimes need to take longer in order to build a foundation for what follows. Taking a step back can be important in order to be clear on what's really going on, and avoiding rote memorisation or "going through the motions".

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