Dyffryn Ardudwy Italian Tutors and Dyffryn Ardudwy Italian Tuition

Personal Description:
I am a native French speaker and I am fluent in Italian. I am an experienced translator and interpreter as well as a highly respected private tutor. I am passionate about languages and foreign cultures and have travelled to a variety of countries. I have been in England for over 15 years and I can confidently say that I am fully bilingual (French-English), which has always facilitated communication with all my clients.

Teaching Experience:
I have taught French & Italian at primary, secondary and university level. I have more than 15 years' experience in this business, I am trustworthy, honest, reliable and knowledgeable. Regardless of age, level and requirements, I will be able to assist you.

Tutoring Approach:
I offer my students the chance to learn at a pace they are most comfortable and give them the opportunity to ask as many questions as they wish to progress further. I offer one to one tuition so all my attention is focussed on them at all times.
I will travel to your home for a reasonable fee and will tailor make your linguistic requirements. I will research and provide you with the teaching material, so you will not need to purchase any additional books. I will recommend free online resources too to assist you with your work. From language teaching to sales, translation, interpreting and customer care, my wide range of experience will help you succeed. I have been vetted for security clearance, similar to a CRB check. My fees are very competitive and negotiable if willing to commit to several lessons. Telephone, Skype, group lessons also considered, please just ask. Please contact me for any questions you may have.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am an Open University graduate having completed an BA(Hons) degree. I chose my own programme of study which consisted of French,English Language Studies with GCSE/Standard grade Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. After my degree, I undertook an A-level/Higher Grade Maths course and GCSE/Standard Grade level Latin course to keep my study skills fresh and updated whilst complimenting my degree.

Prior to this, I under went a City and Guilds in Delivering Learning which taught me the vital skills required to be able to plan and construct lessons. In conjunction to this, I have also achieved my Level 1 certificate in British Sign Language.

Teaching Experience:
I have done work with Borders College based in Galashiels where I taught adult evening classes in Mandarin Chinese, Italian and French, which I love. Seeing my students grow and learn is one of the main reasons why I entered the tutoring and teaching profession.

In addition, I have taught French to various ages ranging from Primary right through to Adult in various capacities. Furthermore, I have taught English as a Foreign Language which was a brilliant experience as it gave me a valuable insight into how people learn not only English but languages in general.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach to tutoring comprises of friendliness and patience. Having studied at home for my degree, I understand the importance of a structured and warm learning environment. My motto has always been "There is no such thing as a stupid question". If you do not know the answer then the only way to find the answer out is to ask the question, whether it is for the first or tenth time. As I am so passionate about French and English along with reading and writing skills, I feel that lessons with me will be a positive, exciting and worthwhile experience.

I have always strongly believed that education is available to everyone, regardless of past experiences. The only thing that I feel matters when it comes to learning is a want to learn, if you have that then anything is possible.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am passionate about teaching languages, mostly orientals, and also coaching martial arts and self defence. I coach the IWTA-EWTO-WingTsun 梁挺詠春拳.

In the first 12 weeks of the beginners program you'll learn the basics for a proactive and "pre-emptive" self defence and to deal with the most "common" types of attacks. This is the Blitz-Defence program.

Afterward you start a more sophisticated training program where you learn to deal with an aggressor in a less violent way by using our unique tactile skills training method.

I can assure you, you will terminate every lesson by learning something new and useful! All I need is your concentration.

Due to the contact nature of this martial art I cam only teach in person and not online

Teaching Experience:
Currently tutoring Italian (advanced level) and Japanese (basic level) in all the 4 skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking).

January 2012 - PRESENT: I have been teaching Italian language since January 2012 on 1-2-1 base and via skype when I am abroad.

February 2012 - April 2012: I taught Japanese language for absolute beginners via skype.

April 2010 - February 2012: I taught at The Mill Languages School, in Macclesfield town centre: Mandarin, Japanese, German. In particular I have taught German language to a tailored group to refresh their skills.

August 2015 - 2016. Tutoring Japanese language to beginner level via skype. I taught to school teachers who are planning to travel to Japan and teach English, they need a minimum fluency to go by.

....however; nothing can beat the experience I have matured over these past 2 years. I need your full committment over a term period (3 months). I need a quite learning environment where I can focus on your progress; either a public library or my house; coffee shop may work depending on the time we agree.

Tutoring Approach:
I am based in Macclesfield and I teach in an informal and yet methodical way; I can teach colloquial and formal languages.

As for martial art for self-defence (WingTsun Kungfu 梁挺詠春拳) I have been teaching privately at different venues.
Each 1-2-1 class has to be booked. I combine the Kungfu system with my experience in working with body awareness and body technique at contact.
This is a very diverse method of teaching in comparison to the mainstream as it involves not just the purely choreographic aspect but a more comprehensive.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Paola
Online lessons nationwide and face to face based in Aberdeen.

I am a native Italian speaker with British nationality and fluent in both English and French.

I have a long working knowledge of English, having worked for several years as a librarian in Aberdeen and for the oil & gas industry (GE and NOV) for 8 years. I also worked for RGU prior to start teaching full time.

I offer Italian, French and English tuition at all levels, from complete beginners to advanced.

I studied English language and literature with French and Italian at La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, where I obtained my PhD.

After graduation I spent a long time working in France in Disneyland Paris. This gave me the opportunity to hone my French language skills.

I have experience teaching students of various age and nationality, both school children and adults who need to pass exams.
I have a PVG check.

Teaching Experience:
University of Aberdeen
Rosemount Community Centre, small groups - Aberdeen
University of Aberdeen language department
Tutoring agencies

Tutoring Approach:
I offer distance learning tuition via Skype for all beginners, intermediate and advanced learners.

I describe myself as enthusiastic, friendly and patient.

I am committed to delivering high quality tuition by offering tailor-made classes to suit different students' needs.

I think that a good tutor should guide the student towards the learner's goal with confidence and be able to explain clearly and in a friendly manner.

I am committed to bridge the gap between the textbooks and the demands of modern learning making the learning process fun and adaptable to each student.

Learning a new language should be fun. I am passionate about creating activities for the learners and make them feel at ease and comfortable during the class.

I have experience teaching school children and adults one-to-one, one-to-two, and small groups for different organisations across the UK such as private schools and community centres.

I offer flexible hours so my students can arrange the classes according to their needs and availability.

Learning a new language is a great opportunity to discover the culture of another country.

Cultural awareness is part of the language experience. Therefore, I love sharing the culture of my country and my knowledge of other cultures with my students.

For my teaching, I use different techniques and media. I love sharing online resources such as videos, articles and podcasts for listening activities and guided speaking exercises.

I can prepare for school and university exams, including GCSE and National 4 and 4 English, French and Italian and EFL exams.

For learners who take regular classes I can correct short written exercises.

During the first class I can assess the student's level in order to plan a suitable course tailor made to the learner's needs.

I am enthusiastic for using new technologies to add to the learning experience.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello, I am a professional Italian teacher with 20-year work experience in a variety of contexts.
I love travelling, reading, listening music, my passion is making mosaics and painting mural that I try to do in my free time.

I graduated in Literature and Philosophy, I hold a degree in Oriental Languages and Cultures and also a qualification in Italian Language Teaching at CIS (Diploma) Italian for Foreigners Center, University of Bergamo, which is equivalent to DITALS

Teaching Experience:
I have taught Italian to immigrant adults and to foreign young people in public schools in Italy. Then I moved to London in 2008. I have been working in UK as an Italian teacher for the past 12 years and gained further experience in Classroom teaching, One to One and more specific topics.
I have taught italian for Surrey adult education to classes from beginners to advanced including conversation workshops.
I am also Freelance, Teaching private group and individual courses at various levels for both general and business purposes. Clients include: Chelsea Football Club training ground, Mediobanca, Saipem Ltd, Generali assicurazioni, Video Production Philip Morris International.

Tutoring Approach:
Teach­ing is a cre­ative job and this is why I enjoy it so much. It is very impor­tant to me to pre­pare my lessons carefully and make them inter­est­ing, dynamic, fun and of course tai­lored to the needs of each of my stu­dents. I like to use a vari­ety of teach­ing materi­als such as grammar book, books in Ital­ian, Ital­ian songs, games, videos, puzzles.
I like talking about music, art, books, currents events and more to make the conversation interesting and full of new informations.
Is also very important to me put into practice all the grammar learned and do conversation.
I like to pre­pare my own mate­r­ial and exer­cises following the topics. I always make sure stu­dents feel con­fi­dent about their skills and their abil­ity to speak Italian.

Only online tutions
My fee:
£25h first lesson free

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am fluent in and specialise in French tutoring. I have been speaking French since I was very young, and like to pass on my knowledge and enthusiasm to others. I am an expert in tutoring to GCSE/A level and have been teaching to this exam for over 20 years with 100% pass rate, and with most students achieving grades 7 to 9 in GCSE and A*, A or B at A level. I upgrade my knowledge of the courses as soon as they update or change (which they do fairly frequently). I am also extemely knowledge about France, its current affairs and culture as I have and do spend time in the country.

I tutor both in person and online.Each lesson can be tailored to the student's individual needs.

Other subjects taught::
- beginner to GCSE Italian
-English language (primary to year 11,)

I have dbs certification, a degree in French language and literature, and teaching certificate.

Teaching Experience:
Teacher, private tutor, small group tutor

Tutoring Approach:
I offer a learning experience tailored to your requirements. Lessons can be casual or or exam focused.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a 22 year old who is currently working at RWS translations group in Chalfont St Peter. I have recently graduated from Durham University with a 2.1 BA in Modern Languages (French and Italian). I also studied Spanish up to 2nd year. I enjoy speaking different languages and try to pass on my enthusiasm for languages to others.

Teaching Experience:
My third year at University was spent abroad. I chose to teach in France for 7 months in two primary schools which I very much enjoyed. I loved to chat to the children and try to get them to see the importance of learning English. I also au-paired for three months in Italy during my Year Abroad, which involved private lessons with a 7 year old. I have also previously tutored French, which included exam preparation, focusing on problematic areas and improving confidence. I understand how difficult languages can be, I believe I can sympathise with the student. The lesson must be fun and the student needs to understand the importance of learning a language, in order to be enthusiastic about it.

Tutoring Approach:
I believe languages are crucial in education. Throughout university I took part in Routes into Languages, a consortium of universities working together with schools and colleges, to enthuse and encourage people to study languages. This role involved planning taster classes for small groups, introducing a new language into their education and broadening their knowledge of the world and different cultures. I particularly enjoyed this role as I was enable to communicate the importance of languages and perhaps inspire some of the children to carry languages on past year 9.

Subjects

Personal Description:
AVAILABLE ONLY FOR ONLINE LESSONS
I am an enthusiastic native speaker Italian teacher qualified at the Italian Cultural Institute of London with a TIAFL (Teaching Italian as a Foreign Language) certificate. Furthermore, I have attained a Master's degree (Distinction) in Italian Literature at University of Bologna gaining an excellent command of the Italian language and a deep insight into the culture.

Teaching Experience:
During the intensive teacher training course TIAFL 'Teaching Italian as a Foreign language' at the Italian Cultural Institute in London I have taught to students of different levels including complete beginners and intermediate, planning innovative lessons and creating activities with authentic material.
I have been teaching Italian for 5 years and I am currently working with one-to-one tuitions with a more tailored approach adapted to the student's needs and expectations.

Tutoring Approach:
I love involving students into the 'Italian world': natural and artistic heritage, social customs and peculiarities.
In my professional experience as a teacher I have developed a communicative approach able to show short-term improvements in the students' speaking ability and competence.
My lessons are student-centred enabling the tutee to effectively practise the language in an active way.
The interest is stimulated through innovative and engaging activities such as games adapted to language learning as well as audio, video and visual material.
The grammar is instructed through an inductive approach to make the student able to understand the concept within a specific context, and pronunciation is facilitated with a focus on individual phonemes, stress and intonation.
This active and engaging approach is the perfect way to stimulate the students' interest and motivation in learning a new language.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi! My name is Claudia and I would love to help you discover how much fun learning a new language can be. I'm a trained CELTA teacher with a passion for languages and music. I have more than 15 years of experience teaching English, Spanish and Italian to students between 5 and 85 years old of many nationalities. Teaching and learning languages ​​are two of my great passions because they allow me to meet all kinds of people and learn about different cultures. In addition to English, Italian and Spanish, I speak French, a little German and I am learning Russian. So you can be sure that I will be very patient and I will encourage you to be patient with yourself throughout this journey...I fully understand what learning a new language feels like!

Teaching Experience:
I'm CELTA qualified and have a BA from the university of Rome "La Sapienza" in Literature, Music and Show Business. I'm also an opera singer!
I have taught languages privately (English, Spanish and Italian) in Italy and in the UK for over 15 years to students of all levels and ages ranging from 5 to 85 years old of many nationalities.
I have also worked as a language teacher in summer camps in Ascot, UK and as language teacher, assistant to the Director of Studies and Stand-in Director of Studies in Language in Totnes, Devon.
I have organised and taught Italian and Culture language courses for small groups in Sicily and Piedmont, Italy.
I now run my own English, Italian and Spanish courses in Devon and do private tutoring in all three languages.

Tutoring Approach:
Are you planning a trip and want to impress the locals? Do you want to understand movies and series? Or maybe you need to pass an exam to get ahead in your career? Maybe you already know all the grammar but when it comes to speaking you freeze?

In class, you will speak your target language from day 1 and we will work at your own pace to achieve your goals. As someone who has lived and worked in different countries, I love talking about all sorts of topics during the lessons: music, literature, movies, food, current affairs, health and wellness, among other things. Most of all, I love listening to people's experiences and learning about their cultures.

My aim for the lessons is to make you feel comfortable using your target language, either written or spoken. Being able to communicate right away is key! You will learn the grammar naturally through games, videos, and stories I've written thinking specifically about my students throughout my teaching years, which focus on specific grammar or vocabulary points. I am a grammar nerd and I will be able to explain to you in a clear and simple way the most complicated points. We'll also use authentic materials so you can experience what the language in the real world looks and sounds like. During the class I will take detailed notes and send them to your email so you don't miss a thing.

It is also very important for me that you have fun in class, since this is something that will motivate you and facilitate your learning. Book a trial lesson with me so we can get to know each other and discuss your language goals. I look forward to teaching you!

Subjects

Personal Description:
Ciao! I'm a native Italian speaker fluent in Italian, French and English, with a First-Class Honours degree in Humanities, specialising in History and English Literature. Since 2014, I've been helping learners of all levels develop confidence and fluency in English and Italian-from beginners taking their first steps to advanced learners refining their mastery.

I bring more than just expertise to my lessons-I bring a deep love for language and its structure. My teaching is tailored to each student's goals, pace and interests, fostering a dynamic and collaborative environment. I believe that great teaching is a two-way exchange: both tutor and learner grow through the journey.

Whether you're preparing for exams, brushing up your conversational skills, or simply exploring a new language, I'd be delighted to support you!

Teaching Experience:
Ciao! I'm a passionate educator with over ten years' experience helping learners grow in confidence, language skills, and exam success. I hold a First-Class Honours degree in Humanities (English and History), a TEFL qualification, and I'm currently training towards a PGCE in Lifelong Learning-giving me the tools to support both young learners and adult students alike.

For GCSE students, I provide clear, structured support in English Language and Literature, helping learners approach exams with confidence and clarity. My sessions are tailored to your goals-whether it's mastering unseen poetry, tackling tricky grammar, or refining essay technique-with an emphasis on building skills that last beyond the classroom.

For Italian-speaking adults, I offer a warm, welcoming space to build your English or Italian skills at your own pace. Whether you're learning for work, travel, or pleasure, I bring patience, cultural insight, and a flexible approach to make language learning enjoyable and rewarding.

Learning with me means engaging lessons, a supportive atmosphere, and progress you can feel. 📚✨

Tutoring Approach:
"I take great pride in helping learners-especially beginners-gain the confidence to understand, speak, and truly enjoy the Italian language. My lessons go beyond grammar and vocabulary, offering a gateway into the richness of Italian culture, history, and daily life. I aim to create a welcoming, engaging environment where curiosity leads the way and progress feels both natural and rewarding."
✨

Subjects

Personal Description:
With a degree in Italian language and literature, a thirty years' experience in creative writing and many years of teaching individuals and groups, I can be your perfect match if you want to learn the Italian language and also to understand the Italian culture. I can teach at my house or online.

Teaching Experience:
To confirm my skills, I can tell you that I am also in the team of teachers of the SIAL, who is appointed by the Consulate General of Italy in London to run all the Italian courses for children in schools in England under its patronage. These courses are endorsed and supported by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
Since the beginning of my career as a teacher, I have provided my pupils with tailor-made programmes, that are different for children, young people and adult learners. I have experience also with Gcse and A Level exams preparation.

Tutoring Approach:
After the first assessment I customise my teaching on student's needs and requests. I always provide also details about the Italian traditions and habits. Let's say that I give to my tutees an overview about the language and the culture. I use to prepare every lesson thinking of the style and preferences of the students, in order to involve them. In one hour lesson I normally mix conversation, grammar, listening, writing and a bit of fun. As a writer, I love my language and I love to talk to people. When I teach Italian I put together both this interests. And it makes me really happy!
So, whether you are looking for some conversation classes, for a year-long weekly course or an intensive programme, I will be able to define the right path for you. Learning Italian has never been so easy!

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am an energetic and ambitious final year university student with five years of experience in tutoring. Italian is my first language but I am also fluent in English (IELTS level C1).
I have been an exchange student in 2016/17 in England and I obtained my AS levels. The year after I went back to Italy to complete my studies and gain the Italian Diploma di Stato, in which I scored 82/100. I was then back in England to obtain the A-level qualifications and I am now studying at University.

Teaching Experience:
I have 5 years of experience with both children and adults, both face to face and online.
My lessons are very interactive and engaging, and they are all customized based on students' needs. Tutoring is a real passion for me, so I do my very best for each student to reach his or her full potential.

Tutoring Approach:
My methodology is quite structured, but I easily adapt to students' styles and preferences.

99% of the students who come to me want to learn how to talk to people, so I am used to this request. I help them achieve this by ensuring that they know their grammar inside and out, and by supporting them with their speaking alongside it. The more we build on the grammar, the more we can build on the speaking, simultaneously. I have personally designed 4 levels of speaking, so the activities vary based on the level the student is in and build up smoothly.
For students who are interested in long-term tutoring, I often recommend a textbook to use along with my slides. I also make use of WhatsApp to send recordings if the student is struggling with pronunciation.

Most people appreciate the importance of knowing some basic grammar before they can practice speaking, and they are open to trusting me to fill in their knowledge gaps first. Once that's done (usually after 5-6 sessions if you start from zero), I introduce them to my "level 1" speaking practice, which is about describing a picture or something that they can visually see, in short, disconnected sentences. "Level 2" would be to try and get that speech to flow a little bit better by using pronouns and particles to avoid repetition. "Level 3" would be to add a bit of made-up background to that picture. For example, if they see that the table is laid but an object is missing, such as cutlery, they can try and think of why that could be (e.g. the man forgot to put the cutlery on the table). "Level 4" will involve describing procedures or things that they can partially visualize, or that are completely abstract, for example, describing every single action taken to make a cake, or talking about a past holiday. Lastly, "level 5" involves debating about current issues or picking a topic, establishing that we have two different opinions, and the student has to try to convince me of theirs.
These "levels" vary from person to person but it provides at least an idea of how the speech develops alongside the grammar, which is present in every session.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Michela and I am Italian. I would like to transfer you my beautiful language and culture. I am available for conversation tutoring, written and pronunciation tutoring as well. Just tell me what you need and we will find the right and not boring way to reach the goal !

Teaching Experience:
Many years in tutoring young and adults. I am a professional elementary school teacher, and I 've a very good experience in tutoring both young students and forigners who want to learn italian.

Tutoring Approach:
The approach depend on your needs....Just tell me what you would like to learn and we will find the right personalized way.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a native German speaker and I am passionate about teaching and I love people. I have a PhD in protein chemistry.

Teaching Experience:
I am teaching since 2012 and I have taught 31 private students so far. I have taught 17 Science GCSE and A-level classes in schools and Colleges. I also have taught 23 German, French and Italian evening classes.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach is student and needs centred.
My language lessons can focus on speaking and listening, essential grammar and writing sentences and essays.
In science lessons all weaknesses can be discussed, school homework and exam paper questions.
A typical lesson with me is one hour per week with one additional hour of homework for the following lesson, however this is entirely up to the student.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello, I am Valentina! I am a friendly and approachable native Italian speaker.

Teaching Experience:
I currently work as a Project Manager and am used to meeting and connecting with new people daily. I have tutoring experience from when I taught English to my peers when I lived in Italy.
I offer private and tailored tutoring in Italian and would be happy to help with any specific requests you might have.

Tutoring Approach:
I am hard-working and patient and will make myself available off-hours in case of any questions and doubts.
I will tailor the tutoring to your requirements and can focus on the following on request:
- Grammar
- Vocabulary building
- Speaking
- Reading and understanding
- Writing

Subjects

Personal Description:
I grew up in Northern Italy (Piedmont), and did my University Degree in Italian Humanities, and my MA in Film Studies in Turin (Torino). In 2005 I moved to the UK, because of my fascination with the culture, music and landscape. I was an indie music nerd as a teenager and young man, with a huge passion for obscure bands. I also loved to write and sing, and got a lot of inspiration for my writing from movies and literature. I am still enthusiastic about going to the cinema, or discovering a new novel or a new (or old) band. On top of these interests, I'm passionate about language, poetry, psychology, personal development, nutrition and beautiful coastal landscapes.

Teaching Experience:
Since my arrival in Bristol in 2005, I first worked as an Italian Linguist for an international corporation. After three years, I dedicated some time to focus on my music and writing, but soon I also pursued a career in Adult and Community Education, developing my teaching practice and experience and creating courses, programmes and tailored lessons for groups and individuals. I gained a certificate to teach adults (PTLLS), and have worked both with a great number of private clients, with a college (Redmaids School for Girls, where I have been Italian Teaching Assistant), with adult education organisations (City of Bristol College, Bristol City Council, The Bristol Folk House) and with Language Schools (International House, The Language Experience, Bristol Language School).

Tutoring Approach:
I am happy to teach at all levels, from complete beginner to advanced conversation. I have gained a solid experience due to the diversity of my clients and of the environments where I have taught and I currently teach. I will tailor my lessons exactly to your current needs, and will use and recommend varied strategies for learning according to your preferred learning style, covering Speaking, Reading, Listening and Writing. I also value a focus on Pronunciation: when you study a new language you literally enter a new cultural world of sounds, and it's better to familiarise with it as soon as possible. My lessons are playful and interactive, and my aim is for you to feel at ease, so that you can make mistakes without fear, and therefore enjoy the process of learning.

At intermediate and advanced levels, when students have a basis for an exploration of cultural topics, I'm very passionate about using original cultural texts, from literature to newspapers, from video interviews to films or documentaries. I find it very rewarding to share with my students the excitement of exploration, discovery, beauty and reflection that comes from engaging with culture.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a native Italian and I have been living in UK for the past 15 years. I have experience in teaching Italian in a Community centre and I work as Italian Interpreter. I am also a qualified Medical Herbalist and Naturopath with a Diploma from the College of Naturopathic Medicine in London.

Teaching Experience:
I have experience teaching a drop-in Italian Language course for beginner adults and conversational Italian for adults at a Community Centre in Brighton, East Sussex, UK.

I have maintained the drop-in format by effectively managing students of various proficiency levels, providing a good balance of flexibility and freedom for students to join at any time according to their availability.

Tutoring Approach:
My lessons incorporate a mix of fun, practical language games and fundamental grammar basics, making the classes suitable for students at different levels.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I have always be passionate about languages and I would love to support you to improve your skills and achieve your goals.

Teaching Experience:
I have been Modern Languages teacher for 16 years and I am dedicated to sharing my passion for Spanish, Italian and French with my students. I love tutoring as I can tailor sessions to meet the needs of each learner. I have a had a lot of success in the past with learners of all ages as I have taught from nursery age to adult learners. I am also an SQA marker for Higher and Advanced Higher Spanish and bring all of I have learned from this experience to support my students.

Tutoring Approach:
All tutoring sessions are designed around the needs of the student. Please let me know what your needs and priorities are and I will design a program that best suits you.

Subjects