Chigwell English Tutors and Chigwell English Tuition

Personal Description:
I very much enjoy tutoring pupils on a one to one and in small group situations. I am currently Head of Department in ICT and Computing. My particular strengths lie in creating Websites, Flash, Programming, Python, Binary Code and Computer Science Theory to A Level. I can also teach up to University undergraduate level and have achieved very successful results.

Teaching Experience:
I have taught in the following curriculum areas: IT and Computer Science at KS3. KS4 and KS5. I am also qualified to teach Mathematics. I have taught in sixth form colleges and mainstream mixed schools (averaging 1600 students). My teaching has span over 20 years because for me teaching it not only job it is a passion and helping the young of today achieve academically is a wonderful outcome for me and my students. I have also managed my own IT department, where I have achieved very good GCSE and A Level results in IT and Computer Science.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach to tutoring is to set achievable smart targets and setting goals for all my students. Deliver sessions at a pace that is comfortable to my students. All of my teaching resources are inclusive, differentiated to suit all learners and where possible all students are stretched further to enhance their learning abilities and well-being. I also engage in using different teaching styles to suit each student accordingly. All students are regularly assessed and monitored to ensure that adequate progress, good attainment and all targets are being met.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am 38 year old Property Lawyer based in the Cheshire area. I have over twelve years experience in private tutoring. I am fond of reading, debating, eating and discovering new things. I am quite lively, not too difficult to get on with, very ambitious but also with an equal dash of a patience. I am a massive fan of education and self development. I tend to be never too far away from reading a book or learning something new to further myself.

Teaching Experience:
I have over eleven years experience in private tutoring having taught students as young as eight years old to adult learners covering a wide variety of modules, assignments and exam boards within Government & Politics, Law, History and English. In recent years I have worked closely with public tutoring centres and across the Manchester area. I am confident that my experience, approach to tutoring and methods have been substantial in helping each student to progress onto the next stage of their education and beyond. I offer my collective experience, professional and patient approach to any potential tutee who desires to take me on board and achieve their aims.

I believe I can approach any teaching scenario and offer the required angle to ensure success for student and or parent alike.

Tutoring Approach:
I tailor my approach to each unique request made and scenario presented. I like to begin with an informal but analytical conversation with the student, parent or both in order to assess strengths and areas where we can develop a plan of action. I aim to take each stage step by step until both you and I are satisfied that we are confident in understanding and coherently explaining the information or context of the material at hand. I am professional in my approach but highly understanding and patient. Most importantly any work set during the session will be wholly relevant, comprehensible and creative in order to match your needs.

I incorporate digital media where required. I do provide PowerPoint presentations for some subjects, when needed, with an interactive projector for lessons and presentations. Presentations can be sent via email at any time as well.

*For any LPC students I can also tutor and instruct in Property Law and Solicitors accounts too.

* For any Northern Ireland students, I can also teach the equivalent of the LPC.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I studied English Literature at Edinburgh University, graduating with a First Class Masters in 1999, before going on to train as an actor at the prestigious London Academy of Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in 2001. Since graduating, I have worked extensively as an actor in theatre, television and radio and since 2007 I have worked very closely with acclaimed theatre company The Factory as an associate producer and director as well as an actor. I have a wide-ranging interest in the arts (from contemporary music through to cinema and the visual arts) as well as an active interest in politics and current affairs. I have worked as a free-lance tutor since 2005 and love not only the obvious flexibility it affords but, far more importantly, the mental, creative and social stimulation it provides both me and, hopefully, those I teach.

Teaching Experience:
In 2005 I registered with a private agency and taught English Literature as a freelance tutor at GCSE level for them that year.
I have wide and extensive experience teaching and creating drama with young people: I have worked on schools and youth projects with Shakespeare's Globe, the National Student Drama Festival and the Carney Academy of Performing Arts as well providing private tuition for drama school entrance and audition technique.
I occasionally work for the University of Westminster as a free-lance actor, working closely with director and academic Helen Eastman.

Tutoring Approach:
I passionately believe that education needs to be grounded in passing on, developing and deepening the love of a subject and that, as such, learning shouldn't be results led. I also believe that people are different and that an approach to tutoring and education should reflect that.

As such I aim to keep engagement and enjoyment at the centre of the process. I encourage pupils to engage with their subject through lateral and creative thinking in the belief that good results follow when a student can enter into a dialogue with the work they are being asked to do and not the other way round.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am an experienced tutor that enjoys tutoring children and have made a difference to the lives of numerous students who were struggling before but under my guidance have achieved their full potential and excellent grades.
I am working full time in a London Borough of Ealing school at the moment.I am a very patient and a caring tutor
who can motivate and encourage the strengths of the learner.I tutor from the purpose built study at the back of my house where I have all the resources.I am CRB checked and can provide evidence of all my qualifications and references from previous students and parents about my tutoring skills.

Teaching Experience:
I have more than 20 years of teaching experience where I have worked with varied age ranges.I have also worked with special educational needs children.I have experience of the different exam boards so can give exam practice according to the mark schemes to get the best results.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach to tutoring is based on the individual's needs.I assess the pupil first and then cater the lesson accordingly based upon individual needs.The lesson progresses according to the pace of the learner.I differentiate and meet the needs of the pupil.I break the information up into easy steps for some or go straight to the next step for others depending on the student.I praise and motivate the pupil and enhance their confidence.
After teaching a certain topic I also provide a piece of homework to reinforce knowledge.There is continuous on going assessment so that I am aware which topics need more practice.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a very positive person and have full empathy with students barriers to learning.
I am friendly and approachable and like to aim to raise student self-esteem and attitude to learning, focusing on positive recognition of achievements and constructive reinforcement of learning strategies.

I work just as easily with adults as I do with children.

Teaching Experience:
I have over 30 years of teaching experience teaching from pre schoo level up to GCSE level and adult learning for returning to work.

I also teach children within the care system who have missed a lot of the early building blocks through lack of education as opposed to lack of ability. This also includes overcoming huge barriers to learning !

Tutoring Approach:
I aim to develop an individual learning strategy to accomodate the students learning style and empower them to achieve and gain confidence through a positive learning programme suited to their individual style and needs.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am an Anglia Ruskin Graduate in Communication, since graduating I have been perusing a career in Teaching Assisting. I am passionate about arts and crafts which I have been able to apply to the Brownie Club I co-run. I am experienced in working in a busy out of school club where I have gained valuable experience being responsible, entertaining and educating young people.

Teaching Experience:
I currently volunteer as a teaching assistant at a city primary school, where I have a multitude of responsibilities including small group work & offering alternative provision for students who are unable to participate in main activities.

Tutoring Approach:
I can provide a structured work time table given different needs and time frames for your child. I am patient and understanding and provide clear and well thought out examples and explanations. I am a sociable,kind, good humored person who is well loved by the children I work with.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a friendly, reliable, and competent teacher who is passionate about education. I strive to not only help my students perform well whatever their objectives may be, but to also improve their understanding of content, their study skills and to build their confidence.

Teaching Experience:
I have close to eight years of teaching experience. I was the Deputy Head of Secondary at the British School of Kampala and taught Edexcel English Literature and History up to A-level. Most recently, I taught English in year 7 and 8 at King Edwards School doing supply teaching. I have taught History and Geography to Key Stage 3 at Kampala International School Uganda. I also taught A-level English Language, Literature and General Studies following the Ugandan National Curriculum.
I thus have experience of teaching a wide range of curricula to both native English speakers and those for whom English is a second or third language.

I have tutored students in preparation for their Checkpoint, Entrance and IGCSE exams with all of them going on to achieve either excellent results or performing well above their expectations. I have tutored IGCSE History, Geography, English Language and English Literature.
I have also tutored adults who began with the barest minimum of English - adults for whom Italian or Spanish was their first language - and they are now able to confidently express themselves in English.

Tutoring Approach:
I provide opportunities for my students to express themselves and to demonstrate their knowledge and skills. I endeavour to foster discovery and the joy of learning to enhance understanding of content. I can equip students with revision techniques and assist them with exam preparation. After a needs assessment has been done, the lessons will be tailored to suit the unique needs of the individual learner. Goals and objectives will be set with the student and the lessons will be designed to meet these.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a long-time teacher, lecturer, examiner and professional tutor with a patient and supportive approach.

I passed my PhD in English at the University of Leicester. I also hold a Masters with Distinction from Oxford Brookes University and a First Class undergraduate degree from Loughborough University.

Teaching Experience:
I have successfully taught at over ten schools, four major universities and tutored several hundred private students.

In addition to weekly supplementary tutoring, I also offer a homeschool tutoring programme and am happy to take full responsibility for the independent delivery of the curriculum.

I hold qualifications in educational psychology and in supporting adult dyslexia.

At home, I live in Oxfordshire with my wife Kate and two stepsons. I enjoy music festivals, running and long walks with our dog Maple.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach is friendly, gentle and supportive but extremely professional. I aim to combine creative and emotionally engaging teaching with expert subject knowledge.

At the heart of my tutoring is how important it is that a student believes in their own ability to learn and to progress. If there is one word I hear my students kindly use to describe my qualities it would be 'patience'. Yet I never feel like my patience is tested - I love the challenge of finding new, innovative ways to help them understand their subject.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello my name is Anne-Marie, I am from Ireland but have been living in the UK since 2004. This is now a place I call home. I realised I had a flare for imparting knowledge when I became a basketball trainer at 15, working with Primary and Secondary pupils. I thoroughly enjoyed the experience, saw the progress the pupils I trained had made and knew from that moment that teaching was my vocation as it was and is so rewarding. I now have a 5 year old son who loves reading and writing. He can articulate himself well and it's truly a joy to see. It's amazing the wonder a child sees in learning.

Teaching Experience:
From September this year I have been teaching English, Geography and RE at Beckfoot School in Bingley. I am a tutor as well (GCSE English, KS3 English, Maths and Science). As well as that, I am an EAL teacher to Chinese children online. In the past I have taught English up to GCSE at Laisterdyke Leadership Academy and English and French at Pudsey Grangefield School. In addition to this, l have taught Spanish and French at Carr Manor Community School. I taught the same subjects at St. Bede's and St. Joseph's Catholic College in Bradford from September 2017 to May 2018. Prior to that I was teaching French and Spanish at Cardinal Heenan Catholic High School (formerly a Language College). In addition, I assisted students to prepare for the GCSE German exam. As well as my teaching responsibilities, my pastoral duties included being a Year 10 form tutor. From February to December 2016, I was a teacher of French at Key Stage 3, Spanish at Key Stages 3 and 4 and was responsible for a Year 9 form at Queensbury School. From September 2015 to January 2016, I taught German at Key Stages 3 and 4 and French at Key Stage 3 at Oakbank School in Keighley. I previously worked at Rastrick High School and Sixth Form College where I was a teacher of French at Key Stage 3 and Spanish at Key Stages 3, 4 and 5. I also taught German and PSHCE to Year 9 students, and Accelerated Reading to Year 7 pupils. Four years ago, I was a Year 11 form tutor. This role entailed planner signing, reading and guiding pupils on college and career choices as well as helping them with exam revision skills. During registration, I covered some PSHCE topics and encouraged my tutees to write reviews on the books they were reading in order to find out more about their interests and consequently get to know them better. My form was involved in fundraising activities and have participated in assemblies. As well as that, I have mentored a PGCE student on how to become a form tutor and in addition I had a GTP student in my Key Stage 3 and 4 Spanish classes. In 2015 whilst on maternity leave, I taught Spanish to Years 2 and 6 and French to Years 3 and 4 at a local Primary School on a voluntary basis.

Tutoring Approach:
I like to use an approach that suits the students I teach. I discuss what needs they have and what their interests are and work from there. I like to be well-prepared yet flexible when necessary. I like to do kineasthetic activities to keep the students engaged in their learning and use a variety of resources to enable my students to gain as much confidence when speaking, reading writing etc.

I also create an environment where my students feel safe and at ease when learning meaning they are not afraid to make mistakes and are keen to build on this and see that mistakes are evidence of effort.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a Primary teacher with four years experience. I am 24 years old, based in Wishaw and I am happy to travel.

Teaching Experience:
I am a classroom practitioner with four years of teaching experience. I am currently a class teacher in a primary school in North Lanarkshire. I have extensive experience working with a range of ages in stages in the primary sector. In addition, I have also taught children with a range of additional support needs and can tailor my teaching methods to meet the needs of each individual learner. I am a passionate teacher who will support children and provide them with engaging and meaningful learning experiences.

Tutoring Approach:
I provide a personalised approach to each of the learners that I tutor. I adopt a holistic approach to teaching, getting to know the learner and assessing their academic needs thoroughly, before planning and implementing a personalised programme of work. I will use a combination of written and active methods of teaching to engage the learner and make the subject more enjoyable. I use current approaches in line with Curriculum for Excellence (CfE). I collaborate with parents to provide weekly updates on progress and also use realistic goals both long-term and short-term.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a specialised English teacher who is enthusiastic about his job and is determined in providing tailored lessons that are enjoyable and accessible to his pupils.

I have experience working with a variety of pupils from different socio-cultural and economical backgrounds. I also have experience working with pupils who have different abilities, learning needs and attitudes towards learning. This experience has given me the opportunity to not only develop my teaching skills and build positive working relationships, but has given me the knowledge to provide learning that is accessible to all types of pupils in order for them to progress.

I have experience working with Key Stage 3 and Key Stage 4 pupils. We will work together to:
- Prepare you for any examinations or assessments
- Build on your coursework
- Improve on any particular weaknesses in your knowledge/skills
- Build your confidence so that you are more comfortable with what you are learning

My methods of teaching include:
- Discussions about the work so that the pupil could develop their Oracy skills.
- Analysing model answers so that the pupils are aware of the success criteria required to produce high-level answers.
- Working with past papers so that the pupils are familiar with the conditions in which they would be examined in as well as the questions they would need to answer.
- Independent tasks so that the pupils could develop their thinking skills as well as build on their confidence to work independently.
- Reading and writing tasks so that the pupils could develop their reading and writing skills.
- Creative tasks in order for the pupils to develop their imagination, which in turn would expand on their ability to think outside the box.

You tell me the end goal, and I will tailor the journey to meet your specific needs.

Teaching Experience:
Graduated from Cardiff University in English Language and Literature with a 2:1 classification.

Graduated from University of Wales, Trinity St. David and successfully gained my PGCE qualification.

I have taught in several different schools, all from different socio-cultural and economical backgrounds:
The John Frost School
St. Joseph`s R.C. Comprehensive School and Sixth Form Centre
Llanishen High School
Bishop of Llandaff, Church in Wales High School
Fitzalan High School

I have experience of tutoring/teaching pupils both in-person and online.

Tutoring Approach:
I have been teaching online for several months now due to the Coronavirus lockdown. My typical online lessons include:
- Communicating via Teams or Google Classroom with my pupils.
- Uploading work on Teams or Google Classroom for my pupils.
- A recording of myself going through the work for the pupils to watch.
- A livestream where the pupils can join a meeting and have a virtual lesson.

I am comfortable with teaching both Key Stage 3 and Key Stage 4 pupils online, and I try my best to ensure that my pupils do not feel as if they are missing out on the classroom experience.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello! I am a highly experienced primary school teacher and tutor with a passion for teaching and education. In my free time, I love dog walks, reading and playing or listening to music. If you need support in Maths or English, or any primary subject, I would love to help!

Teaching Experience:
I am a primary teacher with 11 years experience teaching and tutoring across Ireland and England. I graduated with a B.Ed in 2011 and I recently completed a Masters in Education in school leadership. I have taught and tutored all year groups of primary age. In the past, I have worked as the Reading and Phonics leader across Early Years and KS1. I love to support students on their journey learning to read. I get the best from my students with a relaxed, engaging and creative approach. Good working relationships are important to me, and I like to get to know my students and parents well. Teaching remotely during lockdown has equipped me with excellent experience teaching online and I have much experience tutoring students of all ages.

Tutoring Approach:
I am a suitable tutor as I have ample teaching experience working with children not just in the classroom, but in learning support. I have worked with pupils to implement interventions in literacy and maths, in order to help them better access the curriculum. I like to stretch and challenge my students, while also providing opportunities for success on their learning journey. I make learning fun through an interactive and captivating approach to lessons. I have experience and have completed courses in teaching through White Rose Maths, Read Write Inc and Jolly Phonics. Before a lesson, I will thoroughly assess the student's abilities to enable me to adapt my lessons to suit their needs. I will always feedback to parents after each lesson and set homework if requested.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a fully qualified and GTCS registered primary teacher of over fifteen years. I have considerable experience across all ages and stages and have extensive experience working with children with additional support needs, both in a classroom setting and 1-1 tutoring. I have a proven track record in delivering excellence and in supporting learners with a range of needs.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching for 10 years across all stages of the primary curriculum. I have experience of working with children with a range of additional support needs in the classroom and 1-1.

Tutoring Approach:
I try to make my tutoring sessions fun and interactive, using a mixture of ICT, games while maintaining a focus on formal written methods. I have experience of tutoring both maths and language and working to support learners needs such as hearing impairments, ASD and dyslexia.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi, I am Ana, the founder of a company. It was created from my own passion for languages and entrepreneurship. I am here to help you to learn Portuguese in line with your desired pace and previous experience of learning languages.

Teaching Experience:
I have attended João de Deus University in Lisbon and I also hold a QTS (Qualified Teacher Status) recognised by the National College for Teaching and Leadership UK. João de Deus was a poet and pedagogue whose teaching methods I have adopted in my practice. I work as an Examiner for UK examination boards: Cambridge Assessment International Education & Pearson Edexcel UK.

Tutoring Approach:
I am here to expand your language skills, help you to speak confidently and to achieve your true potential. Positive minds, positive vibes! Learning a language does take time, so be patient and have fun!

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a passionate, kind and caring educator with a wide range of experience teaching and tutoring both in the UK and abroad. I have worked as a primary school teacher for 9 years, a part-time private tutor as well as spending time working as a Governess/nanny in Russia. My most recent teaching observation feedback (November 2020) states that 'You have a positive, purposeful and engaging learning environment fostered and your team work is seamless. Superb high quality modelling of roleplay and you extended all learning while planning in the moment. Provision is high quality and strong, positive relationships were displayed by all.' Following this observation, my headteacher wrote 'Thank you for all you do for the children - you really are amazing and we are lucky to have you!' Carly has a friendly and approachable manner with all members of staff, parents and children.' My induction report states that 'Carly has conducted herself in a professional manner at all times, forming very good relationships with the school community. She has modelled very good behaviour toward the children. She has had an excellent record with regard to following safeguarding procedures. Carly is a very good model of ethical and moral behaviour for the children. She enjoyed excellent relationships with her class. Carly had exceptional standards of punctuality and attendance. Carly followed pastoral policies well and contributed to the wider school. Carly was never unprofessional in dress or in behaviour. Carly fulfilled all aspects of the role as a class teacher including parent's evenings, hosting school events and writing reports. She worked collaboratively with colleagues and followed the lead from other professionals where appropriate.'

Teaching Experience:
I am a highly enthusiastic, caring and driven teacher with a wide range of experience teaching within the Early Years and Key Stage 1, following the English National Curriculum and Development Matters EYFS framework. I am deeply passionate about early childhood development and the relevant pedagogy; I enjoy in actively engaging with the latest research and training in this area. I am dedicated to meet the holistic needs of every child within my care as well as furthering my own personal and professional development. This is shown in my recent promotion to Wellbeing Coordinator of my school. I have worked in a wide range of schools, predominantly within the younger years, giving me broad experience across areas such as successful differentiation, progression, behaviour management techniques, and aspects such as working with children with SEN and learning EAL. Working within the international/independent sector has further ignited my passion for learning and teaching to the best of my ability. I enjoy working on a more one-to-one basis as I feel able to give every child the time that they need to make accelerated progress. I am highly thoughtful with my planning, and how I cater for individual children's needs. Feedback from parents is consistently positive and I try to make every learning experience interesting for the children I teach.

Tutoring Approach:
I am happy to tutor in-person within Bristol or online. My Specialism is Primary Education, particularly phonics, English, Language development and social skills but am willing to tutor other Primary subjects also. I try to make all teaching experiences memorable and fun for the children so that they are excited to continue furthering their skillset and knowledge.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a current PG student in Engineering at Newcastle University, I completed my Bachelors in Engineering as well in Electronics and Communication. I've completed my high school as a Science student in an English Medium School.

Teaching Experience:
I had the opportunity to take a communication session in my college back in my undergrad days. Apart from that I had taken a few classes for some modules for my undergrad classmates.

Tutoring Approach:
Based on the students area of concern , I will start from the basics and then gradually move towards more complex lessons while ensuring I take feedback from the student on my tutoring method so I can tweak my approach accordingly.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Being an ambitious primary practitioner and currently as Assistant Headteacher for over 20 years across a wide range of schools and having taught in the 3 Key Stages, I believe that ALL children should be inspired to live their full potential.
Ofsted deemed me to be 'outstanding-extremely innovative, purposeful with impressive teaching'. Through intervention work, as well adopting a systematic approach for teaching and learning, I have obtained a proven track record of leading effective improvement strategies to raise standards and outcomes for pupils of all abilities . Being a year 6 teacher, I have raised children's outcomes in reading, writing and Maths in their Sat's examinations and ensure that every individual that I work with makes excellent progress.
Working with pupils of different ethnic backgrounds is a strength and I have been commended for strategies implemented whilst working with pupils with Special Educational Needs. I create achievable smart targets using progress plans for all children.

Teaching Experience:
I have an exemplary set of skills for teaching all children from ages 5-11 years in English and Maths. I have taught in a variety of Primary School settings for over 21 years, as well as tutored 1:1 for 8 years. I offer bespoke packages of learning to children from ages 5-11 years and have a sound knowledge of the National Curriculum at all levels. I support children with special educational needs and offer bespoke 1:1 tutoring to enable them to make progress as well as supporting children who either require academic intervention and /or those who are aiming for a higher standard of education. This is achieved by identifying need and developing their abilities by target setting and thorough teaching of knowledge and skills.

Tutoring Approach:
I believe that small group or 1:1 bespoke tuition can and does enable children to flourish and thrive. With an intense school curriculum being delivered within schools, tutoring offers both children and parents an opportunity to develop educational knowledge and skills at a pace suitable to the child. This ensures that academic gaps are diminished and children are able to make progress either more in line with age related levels or to a higher standard. I use a variety of tools to aid me to deliver quality teaching including a number of online ICT resources. Taking on a metacognitive approach, the children that I work with are engaged and interested in their learning. For children that require additional support, I use concrete resources as an aid. I also revisit learning and teach new skills as the children develop over time.

Being a full time teacher, I am available evenings and weekends and can offer online or face to face tuition This can be either in my home or yours (dependent on travel).

Subjects

Personal Description:
I'm a creative, passionate, patient and empathetic teacher and careworker with years of experience supporting children across their primary school journeys to find their confidence and love of learning. Over the years I have worked both in schools as an SEND TA and a mainstream class teacher, and outside of schools supporting families and young people with SEND to access support.

Outside of teaching, I love reading, creating artwork, keeping active, pottering in the garden and discovering new films and podcasts!

Teaching Experience:
I have worked in education for nearly 9 years, starting out as a teaching assistant supporting children with a range of special educational needs which I continued to do whilst studying for a Master's in Psychology of Education and then for my PGCE.

In my time as a TA and then class teacher, I have worked with every year group from Reception to Year 6, gaining a strong awareness of the full primary curriculum and quality teaching strategies to make progress with children across all levels of confidence and experience. I have significant experience supporting children with a range of SEND, including autism, ADHD, dyslexia, dyscalculia, Down's syndrome, speech and language disorders, brain injury and difficulties with mental health and trauma.

Tutoring Approach:
I believe that all learning relies on creating an environment where children feel safe and inspired to take risks, make mistakes and try new challenges. For confident learners, this allows them to take themselves to newer and even more exciting problem solving; for those who are anxious or struggling to access a subject or learning in general, this means they can discover the strategies which work for them and show themselves that they are able to move forwards.

I will always take a child-centred approach, talking to families and children about what is already working for them and figuring out together what barriers they may be facing, so that I can scaffold their learning in the most effective way for them. Sessions will aim for a balance of fun, determination and curiosity, and plenty of opportunities to look back and appreciate what they've achieved.

Subjects