Southsea Reading & Writing skills Tutors and Southsea Reading & Writing skills Tuition

Personal Description:
I enjoy teaching as well as learning. I have been a tutor/lecturer in schools of Art and Design/Architecture for over 12 years. I completed my MSc and PhD in Architecture and MA in Interior Design. I also completed a teaching course to get a PG certificate in Higher Education (PGcHE). I have had publications (book and journal papers) related to my research.

I am enthusiastic and passionate about education and hope that I will be given the opportunity to help.

Teaching Experience:
12 years teaching experience in five universities (including University of Sheffield, De Montfort, Portsmouth, Birmgham City and Coventry University) as a tutor/lecturer.

Tutoring in the following areas:

-Academic Writing: essay, report, research proposal, literature review, thesis/dissertation, proof reading.

-Study skills: how to read critically and how to write, reflect and make presentations, etc.

-Design as a broad subject (design process, presentation/rendering, technical drawing, model making, Design and Technology, Architecture and Interior Design)

-Art and Design/Architecture Portfolio (to help developing portfolios for university or job interview)

-Research Skills (methods, data collection, literature review and research proposal)

-Data analysis (qualitative and quantitative data), use of Excel and SPSS

-Painting and Rendering (water colour, acrylic, felt pen/markers, colour pencil and oil)

-Drawings (Basic drawings, technical drawings and perspectives)

-Model Making (physical models with different materials, including cardboards, paper, wood; computer Models, and crafts)

-ICT Skills/Software (Photoshop, AutoCad, SketchUp, PowerPoint, Excel, SPSS, Publisher)

-English (academic and general reading and writing, listening and speaking, IELTS)

Tutoring Approach:
I am a patient, positive, constructive and flexible tutor who is able to explain concepts in a way which can be understood by different individuals.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Laura. I am originally from Birmingham but have lived in Worthing for over 15 years. I am an intelligent, creative person. I have an English Language and Literature BA from Oxford University. As well as being a tutor, I am a copy editor for UNICEF.

In my spare time, I love reading books, watching films and travelling. I also like working with people, which is one of the (many) reasons why I enjoy tutoring. I have previous experience of working with many different young people. I have worked with KS3 pupils (Years 7-9), worked with students interested in applying to university, helped Year 10 and 11 pupils through their English Language and Literature GCSE syllabus, worked with A level students, and helped BA and MA students with their essays and dissertations. I have been a private tutor for about 15 years now, and enjoy it hugely. I have an up-to-date DBS check and am available immediately. I offer online or face-to-face tuition.

Teaching Experience:
2024
Teaching assistant (SEN support)
Durrington High School

2020-2022
Online tutor, as part of the National Tutoring Programme (a government catch up scheme for students most affected by the pandemic)

2010
GCSE English tutor, Durrington High School
I was employed through the Aim Higher scheme to work with small groups of Year 11 students, helping them to secure a C grade in their AQA English Language GCSE.

January 2007 - present
Private tutor
Since moving to Worthing I have worked with students ranging from Year 7 to degree level. I have in-depth knowledge of the AQA GCSE syllabus for English Language and Literature, as well as the AQA, Eduqas, EdExcel and WJEC Eduqas English Language and Literature A level courses.

January - December 2005
Academic Coach
Employed by the ACES ('Academic Coaches Ensuring Success') Project and Sandwell LEA, I was part of a team providing additional support and learning opportunities for Key Stage 4 (15-16 year old) pupils at risk of underachieving at GCSE level.
The role involved working closely with targeted students on a one-to-one or small group basis, developing and delivering innovative study sessions designed to overcome barriers to learning and assist underachievers in fulfilling their potential. My specific academic focus was within the English Language and Literature GCSE syllabus.

February - August 2004
Project Officer for Oxford Colleges Admissions Office
Employed by Oxford University, I took on a six-month post as Project Officer for the Oxford-Dudley Partnership Project, a scheme which aimed to work with the Year 9 Gifted and Talented cohort of all schools in Dudley LEA in order to raise aspirations.
I also organized and ran a programme of 'Aspiration Days' for Year 8-11 pupils from schools across the country, aimed at encouraging applications from students from state school and/or underprivileged backgrounds, as well as speaking with Year 12 students interested in applying to university, providing specific information and advice regarding applications.

September 2002 - June 2003
Learning Mentor
Whilst still an undergraduate, as part of the National Mentoring Pilot Project (NMPP), I was a mentor to four Year 8 pupils, providing support and encouragement in an environment removed from the classroom. This took place in weekly one-hour sessions with the individual student for an entire academic year, charting their progress in terms of behaviour, confidence and attitude.

Tutoring Approach:
I am friendly, patient and passionate about my subject. I am sensitive to the needs of others and strive to tailor sessions to suit the needs of the tutee. I am relaxed and enthusiastic when tutoring and aim to build confidence as well as increase knowledge and understanding.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am an experienced and skilled Tutor of French, Russian and English as a foreign language. I have been tutoring continuously on a part time basis for 12 years, typically working with 5 or 6 students at any one time. I have spent several years living and working abroad, so this has given me quite an international outlook. At the same time, I am quite well-travelled within the UK and have a good understanding of English history, culture and customs. As a native speaker of English, I have an excellent grasp of the English language, particularly in terms of grammar, spelling and pronunciation.

I am fair-minded, accepting of the needs of others, multi-culturally sensitive and take genuine pride in the quality of my work and going the extra mile wherever possible.

Teaching Experience:
I possess the PGCE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education) and am qualified to teach in Secondary Schools in the United Kingdom. I have four years experience of teaching English as a Foreign Language, and have taught the English as a Foreign Language curriculum at all levels, from elementary to advanced. I have taught a wide range of groups of both children, from the age of 11 upwards, and adults. I am particularly strong in teaching Business English to non-native speakers - I have redesigned and delivered an Advanced Level Business English Course for Masters Degree level students, I have worked with many private students of Business English on their premises, and have also successfully prepared students for the London Chamber of Commerce Exams in Business Communication.

I am very comfortable tutoring French up to A-Level Standard. I have myself lived in France for three years and have been educated in the French Education System up to Masters Degree level. I therefore have a very strong grasp of French language and culture which I love to share. I also actively use my French skills in my everyday employment,and am well used to interacting with French native speakers on a daily basis.

I am educated in Russian up to Bachelor's Degree level and have a similarly broad experience of practising and communicating in the Russian language, having spent five years living and working in Russian speaking countries. I am comfortable tutoring Russian up to A-Level Standard and have a lot of experience working with beginner level students learning Russian for the first time.

I have also delivered private lessons in order to prepare students for Private School entrance. I typically work with students on GCSE or A-Level preparation and have an excellent track record in delivering strong results in these areas. I have worked with family groups who were all keen to learn a foreign language together, as well as those seeking to learn for professional or business reasons, and both modes of tuition have also proved to be very rewarding for me. I prefer to build stable medium term teaching relationships, and retained one student for over 5 years, even if this meant my arriving dutifully every Saturday morning for our 9am class!

Tutoring Approach:
In a word: flexibility. I make every effort to really take on board and respond to the wishes of my clients. I am clear and proactive in communication regarding expectations and always seek to ensure mutual agreement with my students and parents as to setting realistic targets and the most appropriate learning strategies for their needs.

I am a great believer that learning should be fun and always seek to make my classes varied, challenging and stimulating, drawing upon as wide a range of learning skills and strategies as possible.

I have an excellent grasp of both spoken and written English, and am a strong believer in developing confidence in these areas through regular practice, setting realistic targets and offering plenty of praise and encouragement.

I prefer to work with individuals or smaller groups in a relaxed, purposeful atmosphere where there is plenty of tutor input or explanation as required, but also where students are given every opportunity to practise and develop newly acquired skills.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a fully qualified teacher with, with 25 years experience. I have worked in the state sector and in private education facilities.
I am committed to high standards both academic and in behaviour, I believe that my encouraging and student-centred approach is effective in this area.

I am experienced at teaching key stage 2 and 3, GCSE at AS/A2 level.. I have delivered these courses effectively and with successful academic results in my teaching career.
I am AQA examination marker for A level Psychology.
I am a qualified Psychotherapist.

Teaching Experience:
Over 25 years teaching experience, in secondary schools and colleges .

Tutoring Approach:
I am a highly experienced teacher who has worked across the educational spectrum. I am committed to high standards both academic and in behaviour, I believe that my encouraging and student centered approach is effective in this area.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I studied English Literature at Edinburgh University, graduating with a First Class Masters in 1999, before going on to train as an actor at the prestigious London Academy of Dramatic Art (LAMDA) in 2001. Since graduating, I have worked extensively as an actor in theatre, television and radio and since 2007 I have worked very closely with acclaimed theatre company The Factory as an associate producer and director as well as an actor. I have a wide-ranging interest in the arts (from contemporary music through to cinema and the visual arts) as well as an active interest in politics and current affairs. I have worked as a free-lance tutor since 2005 and love not only the obvious flexibility it affords but, far more importantly, the mental, creative and social stimulation it provides both me and, hopefully, those I teach.

Teaching Experience:
In 2005 I registered with a private agency and taught English Literature as a freelance tutor at GCSE level for them that year.
I have wide and extensive experience teaching and creating drama with young people: I have worked on schools and youth projects with Shakespeare's Globe, the National Student Drama Festival and the Carney Academy of Performing Arts as well providing private tuition for drama school entrance and audition technique.
I occasionally work for the University of Westminster as a free-lance actor, working closely with director and academic Helen Eastman.

Tutoring Approach:
I passionately believe that education needs to be grounded in passing on, developing and deepening the love of a subject and that, as such, learning shouldn't be results led. I also believe that people are different and that an approach to tutoring and education should reflect that.

As such I aim to keep engagement and enjoyment at the centre of the process. I encourage pupils to engage with their subject through lateral and creative thinking in the belief that good results follow when a student can enter into a dialogue with the work they are being asked to do and not the other way round.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I have lived and worked in Plymouth since I finished me degree in 2001. I started as a full time private tutor in 2009 and have been tutoring ever since. I absolutely love this work and am extremely enthusiastic about helping others enjoy and succeed at learning.

I am married and am a mum of two young boys. My hobbies include sports, walking, art, reading, writing and volunteer work with my church.

I am currently away on further training so can no longer do my usual face-to-face lessons, but I am looking at building up my online students.

Teaching Experience:
I have over a decade of experience of helping children, teenagers and adults with their maths and English learning. Whether it is to salvage a struggling student, to catch-up, to succeed in an exam or to excel beyond their current level, I am passionate about helping and unlocking a student's ability to understand and to enable them to enjoy learning.

I hold a BSc degree, 3 A-levels (grade B, including maths), 9 GCSEs (7 As - 2 Bs) and am a graduate of Study Technology. I have been tutoring since 2009 and specialise in the 11+.

Tutoring Approach:
My teaching style is to tailor all lessons and communication entirely to each student, as each student is unique in the barriers they encounter, and in their level of understanding of the subject. I direct the lessons at a pace, and with content, that the student can comfortably handle and make progress with. I also aim to ensure learning remains light and not too serious: I am friendly and ensure that my students are at ease in lessons so that they feel free to ask questions or to say if they don't understand something.

I aim to always make the lessons visual and interactive and set homework to reinforce what we cover in our lessons. I can post worksheets for the lesson/homework if needed.

I am happy to answer any questions you might have and I look forward to hearing from you.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a british born multi-skilled Business Management Post-Graduate with a flexible and proactive approach to work. I hold many transferable skills gained in positions, detained alongside studies since leaving school. I am a friendly, approachable individual with a smart appearance and professional manner. My fee is dependent on lesson plans, books/course materials required, travel time/expenses incurred and the number of hours requested.

Teaching Experience:
I have been working as a p/t Tutor for 7 years, Assisting primary school students up to Key Stage 3 in English, Maths and preparing for 11+/SATS Exams. I have also worked at various tuition centres and colleges.

Completed:

Safeguarding Children & Vulnerable Adult's training
Child Protection training
Childcare & Classroom Work programs
Support Work in Schools course
Training, Assessment, Quality & Assurance course
Enhanced CRB
Employment Related Services course

Additionally, I help adults with ICT, Business studies and Employment Advice e.g CV'S, Cover Letters, Application Forms and Proofreading. I am based in Kings Heath but can also do home visits. Please email me for further information.

Tutoring Approach:
I am passionate about helping pupils and strive to improve their learning. I have a strong belief in getting students to reach their full potential and even exceed it. I can build good relationships with students and have a caring nature. I believe that every child matters and that understanding a child's individual needs is paramount to their academic success. I also believe that confidence in their ability has a lot to be accounted for. Therefore, I offer not only a boost to their ability but to increase their academic success!

Subjects

Personal Description:
Freelance film maker and media producer with a lifelong interest in media studies, communications and culture.

Teaching Experience:
Have taught children between the age of 7 and 18.

Tutoring Approach:
Calm, patient and professional.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a qualified, experienced teacher with a passion for supporting people to fulfill their potential. I am originally from Newcastle Upon Tyne but have recently relocated to West Yorkshire. When I am not teaching I enjoy yoga and nature walks.

Teaching Experience:
I have 6 years of experience in primary education. I have worked across both key stages, with three years of my experience in Key Stage 2 and three years in Key Stage 1. I am currently a leader of phonics and have expertise in the teaching of reading. I also have a lot of experience supporting children in the key areas of maths and writing and have a wide range of resources available for these subjects.

Tutoring Approach:
I really enjoy building a rapport with my students to ensure they feel comfortable and secure. I always take the time to find out a student's current level of ability and confidence and then tailor my approach to suit this. I like to use a wide range of interactive resources. Rather than simply relying on worksheets I aim to include games, media, objects and speaking and listening activities in sessions to create variety and keep them stimulating. I believe that students learn better when they can have fun and relax and I feel my attitude and sense of humor allow me to facilitate this.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a married mother of 2 grown up children. I am passionate about education, I'm a school governor in my spare time!, but I also enjoy going to the gym and travelling.

Teaching Experience:
I am an ex primary school headteacher with 30 years experience in both the maintained and independent sectors. I am also a school governor and inspector so you can see I'm very interested in education!
I aim to make all my lessons fun and tailor them to the needs of the individual child whether they are working towards their 11+ examinations, SATs or just need that extra boost in their confidence; I have supported numerous children in all these situations.
I have also supported children with additional needs with particular experience in dyslexia, dyscalculia and ADHD.
I am fully insured and have an enhanced DBS certificate.

Tutoring Approach:
I listen to both the parents and the child and work with them to ensure that they enjoy the sessions and make progress every week. I incorporate games and practical work within my sessions. I work from my home where I have room completely set up for teaching with all my resources close at hand.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a philosophy student at Roehampton University. I am from the South Downs in Hampshire, where I lived until I was 18. I have been studying here in London since September 2017. Back home I am the oldest of four, and this had enabled me to be able to understand how to make learning fun for a wide range of ages, as our ages vary from 8 to 20 years. My hobbies include playing football, listening to music, and reading. I was previously employed as an after school nanny so have a DBS check that is valid.

Teaching Experience:
Teaching assistant every Wednesday for an academic year at the infant school in my home town.
Shadowed History department at my secondary school the year after I left.
Working as a nanny I had to help the boys I looked after with their homework. They were 6 and 8 so was helping them learn very basic skills.

Tutoring Approach:
I have always been naturally able to write especially well, and am enthusiastic about the subjects I study. I have found it easy to pass on this enthusiasm for learning to younger people, and I especially am able to connect with younger kids on tasks they would usually struggle to find fun. I am basically happy to tutor any subject at GCSE level apart from maths, science (natural, computer, etc). Social sciences are my particular strength.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello everyone Γεια σας!!

I am Kyriaki and I am from beautiful Cyprus. I am a native Greek speaker with an excellent knowledge of English Language. I studied English Language and Literature and I always wanted to include something more active in my teaching. For that reason, I did my Master in Drama and Theatre Education where I learned how to use drama as a method to teach English.

Would you like to speak Greek in only 3 months? If that's what you are looking for then you are looking at the right profile.
I am offering packages for May June July now available. Booking begins from the 1st of April.

Teaching Experience:
I have 3 years experience in teaching English to young individuals and 2 years experience in teaching Greek to adults. I always want to give students an active learning and the opportunity to speak and "play" with the language. I can also teach Drama and help with undergraduate and masters. Moreover, if you need any help with your Undergraduate Degree based on English Language and Literature, you are on the right place! :)

Tutoring Approach:
I am really approachable and flexible with days and times. I am using an interactive book and I have the patience and knowledge to improve your language skills.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Ive been teaching since 2000, my career started at durham university as a lecturer for education and ICT. I then went on to teach secondary ict then secondary english. I now teach Computer Science.

Teaching Experience:
I have taught mainly English and Computing for over 20 years.
My strengths in English are definitely Creative writing, and I have obtained an MA in Creative writing. I have taught KS2 - KS4, mature students and undergraduates at university .

Tutoring Approach:
I am friendly and approachable and would concentrate on building relationships with my students as well as teaching them relevant skills in their particular subject.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi, my name is Shannon and I am currently studding at the University of Derby and getting a degree in Law. I have received tutoring myself and understand how beneficial it can be to help advance education. I am dedicated to helping you to achieve your highest potential and that you are pushed to achieve your best.

Please note: If you are looking for tutoring in Maths or Combined Science I work with students working on the foundation papers. I am also able to working on individual sciences if one subject requires more attention than another, also at foundation level.

Teaching Experience:
I have experience in tutoring, this started off with family and then younger pupils. Most of the experience I have gained has been tutoring at Primary level in Maths and English However, I do have experience in teaching at ages 11-14 years.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach to tutoring would be based online on an agreed platform, such as zoom. I would start off the first session by getting to know the student, their strengths, their weaknesses, finding out where they struggle most, discussing the best techniques that would be most beneficial to them as an individual as well as answering any questions. Then I would adapt each lesson to the student's preferred learning methods. The lessons may be in form of quizzes, helping to better understand a topic, exam prep, homework help, mini tests, and engaging lessons.

Subjects

Personal Description:
As a fully qualified, successful English teacher of twenty years, I have a plethora of experience to draw from to enable my pupils to reach their full potential. I am a dedicated, hard-working tutor who has tutored many pupils, all with great success.

I have a BA in English Literature from Lancaster University and an MA in Gothic Literature from Manchester Metropolitan University. I currently work at a well-respected school in the area and have done since I left university. I constantly try to upgrade my skillset through continued professional development and courses, so that my teaching and delivery continues to meet the needs of my learners. I have recently been accepted as a Fellow of The Chartered College of Teaching.

I'm an English GCSE and A level examiner and work with students on a multitude of exam boards all over the world. My average improvement is 2 grades for pupils that have 10 lessons or more, but some students have jumped up by as many as 5 grades. Get in touch for more info.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching English for over twenty years. I am willing to teach both Literature and Language, from KS2 up to and including A level. I also offer grammar school entrance examination coaching for all schools, other than my own. I can also help support non English natives with their oral and written skills. I have tutored a hundreds of pupils previously, all with excellent results. I have worked as an examiner at GCSE level and A level for the last few years, for a wide range of examination boards. This has helped my students considerably.

I estimate that I have delivered around 4000 hours of 1:1 tutorials to pupils since 2010 alongside working in the classroom. I have tutored pupils aged 8 to 20, covering KS2, KS2, KS4, KS5 and degree level. I conduct most of my lessons at home, with some via online platforms like Zoom, MS Teams or Skype. I currently teach AQA specification, but have also taught EDEXCEL/EDUQAS/WJEC/IGCSE at KS4, and currently teach AQA specification at KS5, but have previously TAUGHT CAMBRIDGE/OCR/WJEC. I have also supported pupils with UCAS applications, personal statements, and 11+ entrance exams. I have worked with home-schooled pupils, and those who may have had gaps in their education at times, both with great success.

Tutoring Approach:
I am nurturing, supportive tutor who strives to get the best out of my pupils by gently pushing them beyond their normal limits. I offer bespoke one to one tuition based on the individual needs of the pupil so that they can fulfil their maximum potential. I feel very passionately about teaching one to one and find great reward in my pupils' successes.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi I am a qualified primary school teacher. Teaching is my passion and I am here to help students thrive in their learning journeys. I am a mother to a little girl and we love the outdoors, exploring new places. I like travelling to different countries and experiencing the culture, food and history.

Teaching Experience:
I have 8 years of teaching experience in both key stage 1 and 2. Most of my years spent teaching and preparing students for the 11 + and SATS. I use a nurturing and engaging style to my teaching and incorporate the constructivist approach, allowing students to take a more active role in the learning process, encouraging them to use their prior knowledge as a foundation for understanding new concepts.

Tutoring Approach:
My teaching approach is child-centred and I tailor my learning and style to the needs of each child. I create a calm and nurturing environment so that my students feel at ease and have a love for learning. I help children over come their learning hurdles by providing one-on-one teaching in a given subject, assessing a child's level of education and supporting the gaps. I teach a variety of students, from those who are particularly struggling with areas of learning, to those who are looking for a challenge.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Law tutor, Barrister (16 years call). I specialise in Criminal Law and Criminal Litigation. I also have a postgraduate Certificate in Criminology. I can also help with any science-based subjects you require, as I am working to be dual-qualified in law and medicine. I am tutoring around my current medicine degree at BSMS in Brighton, where I am in the second year.

Teaching Experience:
I can help you with all your tuition needs at any level. Please contact me with your requirements for essays/coursework and individual study plans on any subject. I also have experience with SEN students, particularly those with dyslexia, Autism, and dyspraxia.

I am also studying medicine at BSMS in year 2, so I can tutor Medicine / STEM-based subjects. I have a Master's in Global Health and medical law and Ethics and a postgraduate diploma in Nursing and Tropical Medicine. I also studied immunology and infectious disease at Cambridge University. I can help with Biology and a range of other relevant subject areas, such as interview preparation, personal statements, UCAT / GAMSAT, etc.

I have a current DBS certificate.

I can help advise on CPE, LLB, LLM, LPC / SQE A level, BPTC gaining mini pupilage, pupilage, training contracts, advocacy, public speaking, and the whole range of law-related subjects.

I have taught lots of students before I have been teaching for 20 years and five years at two private universities post-graduate level (Level 7) in law on the CPE, LLB and at masters level LLM and on the BPTC in advocacy and criminal litigation and at College in A level criminology ( Level 3) both in content and preparation for the profession. I am teaching legal apprenticeships at Level 3 in criminal law at a private education provider, working with adult apprentices in the criminal justice system.

I have studied Legal Studies BA, BVC, CPE, Post Grad Criminal Litigation and Sentencing and Criminology at the Postgraduate level and a Global Health Medical Law and Ethics Masters.

Tutoring Approach:
I have a relaxed teaching style I try to understand what the student really needs and hone in and focus on what will best help them improve study skills and academic content.


I believe in fostering a positive and encouraging learning environment where students feel comfortable asking questions, making mistakes. I understand that each student is unique, with their own learning style, strengths, and areas of improvement.

I am committed to my own continuous improvement. I stay up to date on the latest teaching methodologies and resources to ensure that my students receive the best possible guidance.

Feel free to contact me if you have any questions or specific learning needs or requirements and would like to schedule a tutoring session.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I have a MA in Production Design for Film and Television from Kingston University and a BA Hons in Furniture Design and Applied Arts from Edinburgh College of Art. I have worked in the film and television industry since 2004. I lead large teams of specialist designers, art directors, junior assistants, crafts people and construction teams. And I collaborate closely with other experts within the industry including cinematographers, directors and screenwriters.

A production designer designs the worlds in which the TV Drama or film is set. That includes working with location people to choose locations in which to film - and building sets in studios. It can also involve working closely with SFX teams. The role juggles creative vision with practical project management. It's a collaborative media/ industry and relies heavily on communication skills- visual and verbal.

Teaching Experience:
I've tutored students looking to win a place in art schools/universities and specialist creative high schools. Students looking to better their results at A level, and I've taught larger classes of young adults in university and workshops. I help my four year old with his art and design too : )

Tutoring Approach:
My approach depends on the students needs and I am very flexible. I can work in a very focused way with the students brief on course curriculum. Or more loosely- developing verbal and practical skills for a portfolio for art school/media design or communication courses. I'm down to earth and structured in my approach.

If it's face to face tutoring, I may charge a small fee for travel time/costs dependent on how far away and dependent on whether the session is one or two hours long, etc. Please message me for further details, thanks.

Subjects