Caldicot Life Science Tutors and Caldicot Life Science Tuition

Personal Description:
I am a qualified Science teacher with over 10 years of classroom experience and 18+ years of tutoring expertise, specialising in KS3 and KS4. I have also successfully supported learners across KS1, KS2, KS5 and adult education. With a BSc (Hons) in Pharmacology and an MSc in Educational Leadership and Management, I deliver clear, engaging and results-focused lessons that build confidence and secure excellent progress. My scientific background enriches my teaching, enabling students to grasp complex concepts with ease and apply them effectively in exams.

Teaching Experience:
I am a former AQA GCSE examiner for Biology, Chemistry and Physics, with experience marking live examination papers and applying grade boundary criteria accurately and consistently.

I have over 8 years of classroom teaching experience, including 6 years in inner-city secondary schools and 2 years in a specialist SEN provision, where I successfully supported learners with dyslexia, autism and challenging behaviour. My expertise is strongly rooted in KS3 and KS4 Science, delivering both Combined Science and Triple Science pathways across Biology, Chemistry and Physics.

I have planned and delivered high-quality, curriculum-aligned lessons informed by QCA guidance at Key Stage 3, and have taught GCSE content across multiple examination boards, including AQA, Edexcel, WJEC and OCR. I have also written and adapted schemes of work, assessment materials and differentiated learning resources to ensure full compliance with the latest curriculum reforms and to support pupils in achieving strong outcomes.

Tutoring Approach:
My teaching philosophy is centred on identifying each learner's starting point, pinpointing areas for development, and transforming those weaknesses into strengths over time. I am a strong advocate of personalised learning, and I create bespoke resources-including concise educational videos, mind maps, and simplified flashcards-to make complex concepts accessible and memorable.

I take a diagnostic and adaptive approach during the first week to determine which learning methods best suit the student. Based on these insights, I design a tailored progress plan that includes clear goals, appropriate pacing, and systematic progress tracking. My aim is not only to enhance subject knowledge but also to unlock confidence, resilience, and independent learning skills.

For students with limited time before an exam, I adapt this approach into a focused, accelerated programme that prioritises high-impact topics, targeted revision strategies, and exam-style practice, ensuring they make rapid, measurable progress and feel fully prepared within the time available.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi,
I enjoy teaching and researching. Currently, I am working as a researcher at the university.
My area of expertise includes, Biology, Maths, Chemistry and Pharmacology.
In my quest of higher education currently I am working as a research Scientist in molecular pharmacology, and cell biology. My project is associated with Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK.

Teaching Experience:
Visiting Lecturer at the university level From last 3 years. Teaching students at the university level theoretically as well as wet lab experiments. I had 6 Nuffield bursary students to teach in the university in last 2 years. All of them are very competent and few of them went to imperial collage, cambridge, oxford and kings for the graduation.

Tutoring Approach:
If a student is not have an interest and intellectual in to the subject, I take it as a challenge. I prefer to correlate the tedious concept of science with the normal day to day life and give a flavor of importance or demand of a particular subject.
Give me an opportunity to introduce myself and I am confident that I will not disappoint you. So far, none of my student left my tuition and stayed with me for longer.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi, I am Oxford graduate and working as Lecturer at a tutorial college. teaching is my passion and I love it. I love to teach biology and chemistry. I have total six years of teaching experience. I usually travels to students home. I also teach biochemistry,anatomy,physiology at undergrad level.

Teaching Experience:
Previous experience of teaching GCSE,A level,IB,IB standard,university level. Well versed with AQA, OCR, Edexel, WJEC board. Last year three students got A* and two got A.

Tutoring Approach:
easy and relax focusing on understanding the basic concept and building the fundamentals.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a very enthusiastic, focused, self-motivated, highly-disciplined, target-driven, adaptable, mobile and ambitious graduate of Microbiology and Biomedicine genuinely pursuing an outstanding, very challenging and motivational career as a Teacher, using my skills and knowledge to improve the quality of education of other people.
I am passionate about teaching and want to inspire and enhance the level of achievement of my tutees.

My strong desire is to see my tutees achieve their desired grades and conquer their fears, becoming what they aspire to be.

Teaching Experience:
I am experienced in SEN from EYFS to KS1/KS2, and also in teaching Science to KS3 to KS5. I am also well experienced in mentoring groups as well as providing one-to-one-support.

My tutoring skills have no bounds as I have also been afforded the opportunity to lecture in Microbiology and Biology.
With an ever-growing drive for excellence, I am on a perpetual route to keep up with the ever-dynamic teaching skills through CPDs and trainings in behaviour-management to all that is required to teach per excellence.

Tutoring Approach:
My belief is that everyone understands at different levels.Based on this, I personalize my teaching approach to suit the specific needs of my students. I believe that there are visual learners, kinesthetic learners and auditory learners. Therefore I have different interactive resources that can be used depending on the type of learner I am working with.

I am of the belief that if you aim higher, you can achieve anything you believe in your heart that you can do.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a researcher at Kings College London. I do research on biology, genetics and neuroscience. In addition, I give lectures and run tutorials to biology, chemistry and medicine undergraduate students on genetics, evolution and neurobiology. İ am a graduate of veterinary medicine and worked as a veterinary surgeon for three years before moving to research. İn addition to Turkish, which is my mother language, I am very efficient in English and French and good in Dutch.

I was born in Turkey and finished my high school as well as Veterinary undergraduate education in Istanbul, Turkey. Then I moved to London to do a PhD in Psychiatry Genetics and since then I work / live in London.

Teaching Experience:
I gave private tuition for ten years to students aged 10-18 on various subjects including maths, physics, biology, french, english, geometry and chemistry. İ am currently giving lectures and running tutorials to biology, chemistry and medicine undergraduate students on genetics, evolution and neurobiology. More specifically:

- Gave private tuition to students (in Turkey) aged 10-18 in subjects including Maths, Chemistry, English, French, Biology.
- Gave private tuition to adults (in Turkey) in writing, reading and speaking Turkish.
- Gave lectures to biology, chemistry and medicine undergraduate students on genetics, evolution and neurobiology.
- Run tutorial sessions with medicine undergraduate students on genetics, evolution and neurobiology.

Tutoring Approach:
I tailor my tutoring to the needs of my students. First İ talk to the student and try to understand the origin of the difficulty experienced by him/her. Then I give a background information on the subject and let the student to develop it while resolving any question or confusion. During this process I provide additional help whenever the student needs. Then I give examples on the same subject to strengthen the student's knowledge. I am friendly, patient and enthusiastic, and keen to help the student develop a confidence and make progress.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi, my name is Sophie. I am a graduate of Zoology at the University of Edinburgh University. I spent a year studying abroad in Hong Kong, and have previously spent a year working at IBM. I love to spend my spare time either on the hockey pitch, in the kitchen or doing some art.

Teaching Experience:
Student science tutor for 2 years whilst at school
Summer Camp Leader for 3 years running, experience with international children.
Leader at Cubs, Brownies, Beavers and Rainbows
Work experience at an Adult Learning Centre

Tutoring Approach:
It has been my experience, both as a tutor and as a student, that the best way to engage with learning is to understand your working style. I personally have found certain aspects of school quite challenging but by finding the methods that most suited my needs, I was able to maximize my learning potential.

My tutoring style emphasizes collaboration and positive reinforcement in order to produce a friendly learning environment.

From my charity work abroad in Ghana to my role as Deputy Head Girl at my secondary school, I have gained the interpersonal skills necessary to develop productive and compassionate relationships with pupils. Students will find themselves excited for their lessons and eager to achieve new standards of excellence.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I'm 25 years old , lives in bath , I did my bachelors in life sciences from Pakistan , I know English and Urdu very well.

Teaching Experience:
I had a teaching experience in Pakistan , I was teaching biology , chemistry and life sciences in primary school, I'm very competent in Urdu , I can write and speak Urdu as well .

Tutoring Approach:
One of my friend told me about this site , I'm looking forward to see any students relevant to my subjects.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I entered the teaching profession in the year 2000, immediately after my graduation. I started my career tutoring Intermediate students, helping them in Mathematics for almost three and half years.

Teaching Experience:
I worked in India, Maldives, Thailand and Nigeria teaching different sort of pupils and Curriculum. I worked in American, British Schools making a vast and varied experience in teaching

Tutoring Approach:
The self- discipline, flexibility and commitment which I have gained from my 15 years of experience along with my enthusiasm and striving for knowledge in Mathematics make me wish to continue in this teaching career.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I teach biology in a very simple way to enable different student to understand it. Teaching approach is vary from one student to another and it depends on specific student needs. Also, I can help in answering biology questions in a scientific way and in practical. All students that I have taught were able to get highest marks in biology.

I also teach Immunology, Microbiology and Physiology for higher levels.

Teaching Experience:
- Currently, I am a private tutor for general biology and immunology since 2017.
- Teaching biology at Brunel university/ West London (2013-2015).
- Private A-level biology teacher/ West London (2005-2006)
- Biology lecturer at Al- Yarmouk university/ Jordan (1998-2005). Subjects taught: Human physiology, Comparative anatomy of vertebrates, embryology, and general biology.
- Private teacher for biology and chemistry for medical students in The University of Jordan/ Jordan (1997-1998).

Tutoring Approach:
I am tutoring biology since 1995. I taught this subject in 3 best universities. My students were happy and they were able to understand biology in a very simple way. Also, they were able to get higher marks in their exams. I also taught biology for A-level students in the UK in 2005.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a full-time Science tutor and have a First class degree in Pharmacology from Kings College London and a PhD from the University of Oxford. My general curiosity in Biology and nature has always helped motivate me in my studies and I hope that through tutoring I can inspire and transfer my enthusiasm for science to my students.

Due to the nature of my educational background, I have an excellent understanding of the Science subjects and I am adept in explaining complex concepts and ideas in a more understandable and manageable way.

I am a friendly, patient and enthusiastic science tutor who has over 5 years of experience in tutoring, mentoring and teaching science to those from the ages of 11 to PhD level.

I have a current and up to date DBS.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching science at GCSE, iGCSE, A level and university level for 5 years and have worked with a variety of pupils with various abilities, learning styles, strengths and weaknesses.

My current and recent tutees include students attending prestigious private schools (Alleyn's, Bedales, Bromley High, City of London Freemens, Dulwich College, Eltham College, Hurstpierpoint College, JAGS, Latymer`s, St. Paul`s Girls, Sherborne Boys, Sherborne Girls, Trinity and Whitgift) and grammar schools (St. Olaves, Wallington and Wilson).

I have extensive experience in mentoring and tutoring KS3, GCSE, iGCSE, A level, BSc and Medical undergraduate students as well as PhD students from elite universities including Oxford University, Imperial College and UCL.

I also have extensive experience with university students of all academic levels and abilities as well as have a good working knowledge and experience of university marking and assessment systems.

I have taught many individuals intensively for their GCSE and A-levels in the run up to exams.

I have a proven track record of ensuring students excel to their full potential and all my students have achieved a 100% pass rate at GCSE, iGCSE, A-level, undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

Recent Tutor Achievements:

August 2018 Tutee iGCSE and GCSE Results:
(11 students in total, prior to my support the majority of my tutees were predicted grades 5/6 and two were predicted grades 1/2)
- 10 grade 9s
- 9 grade 8s
- 3 grade 7s
- 3 grade 6s/ B grade
- 2 grade 5s

August 2017 Tutee iGCSE and GCSE Results:
(12 students in total, prior to my support the majority of my tutees were predicted B/C/D/E grades)
(Most students studied iGCSE Double and Triple Sciences)
- 20 A* grades
- 5 A grades
- 3 B grades

August 2016 Tutee iGCSE and GCSE Results:
(10 students in total, prior to my support the majority of my tutees were predicted B/C/D/E grades)
(Most students studied iGCSE Double and Triple Sciences)
- 13 A* grades
- 10 A grades
- 2 B grades

August 2015 Tutee iGCSE and GCSE Results:
(10 students in total, prior to my support the majority of my tutees were predicted B/C/D/E grades)
(Most students studied iGCSE Double and Triple Sciences)
- 16 A* grades
- 6 A grades
- 1 B grade

Tutoring Approach:
I provide a personalised tuition programme either ONLINE or in the tutee`s home. My tutoring style is very flexible and varies based upon the student`s needs. These needs are usually pinpointed within the first meeting and I tailor all sessions to the individual needs and requirements. I apply a variety of different teaching techniques and styles that I have found to be effective in order to make studying enjoyable, interesting as well as beneficial, helping students to reach their full potential.

I make structured lesson plans tailored to student`s needs and will set regular tasks to ensure full understanding of topics under discussion.

I have an excellent knowledge and experience of the current curriculum of all major exam boards (AQA, Edexcel and OCR) and I have relevant educational and exam materials.

My method of teaching greatly helps a student understand their subject and gives them the confidence needed to excel and succeed in their studies. The tuition sessions will be catered to the needs of the pupil, focusing on any weakness. I ensure that tuition sessions are as individual, fun and interesting as possible.

Subjects

Personal Description:
An Inspiring and Dedicated MATHS, BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY TUTOR
I am a medic with a UCL BSc(Hons) in Biomedical Sciences. l I have extensive experience of teaching Maths, Biology and Chemistry at A-level and GCSE level. Additionally, I teach and prepare students for 11+ and SATs. I take pride in providing high quality of teaching which is systematic and student-centred- so that my student achieve their full potential. I believe that teaching should be engaging and inspire students. I would describe myself as a friendly and approachable individual with good communication skills. I am responsive to the needs of my students beside being a good listener which are key for making significant progress. I know the critical role that instilling confidence play in students success. Please feel free to get in touch!

Teaching Experience:
l I have extensive experience of teaching Maths, Biology and Chemistry at A-level and GCSE level. My students have done exceptionally in their exams beside strengthening their self confidence.

Tutoring Approach:
I take pride in providing high quality of teaching which is systematic and student-centred- so that my student achieve their full potential.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a PhD student at the University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. My research is about extracellular vesicles and virus infection. I am working as a Scientific demonstrator at the University of Hertfordshire.
Biology is one of my favourite subjects. I used to teach Zoology and Botany to undergraduates in India. I have very good communication skills. I have a potential to make my students feel comfortable and confident in their studies. Currently I am doing a PhD in Molecular Biology at the University of Hertfordshire, after completing Masters in Molecular Biology(2018) from the University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield. I completed my Masters in Life Sciences from St.Xavier`s, Mumbai, India(2015). I have my Bachelor`s degree in Life Sciences from India (2013). Moreover, I have been working in a Diagnostic Lab-Spectrum Healthcare, Mumbai,India. I like to share my knowledge and information. Arts is also one the factors which made my teaching and learning skills improved. I am an Indian Classical singer with four nationally qualified exams.
I also did my internship at National Institute of Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India under the guidance of Dr.Deepak Modi and PhD student who was working in Male Infertility.
I am familiar with the UK curriculum.

Teaching Experience:
1. Currently working as a Scientific demonstartor at the University of Hertfordshire.

2. Worked as an assistant lecturer for Zoology-undergraduate students for a year.

3. Worked as a private tutor in home country for English language and Biology.

Tutoring Approach:
I love to teach and make my students comfortable with the concepts. I use images and videos to make the concepts clear. I don't allow my students to forget what was done the last by revising everything on the next day. that is my first task when I see the students. I can also have discussions in other languages ( Hindi and/Marathi) to make them understand more clearly.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Born in Scotland grew up in New Zealand where I went to Otago University, the oldest in NZ and gained a 1st Class BSc (hons) and a PhD in Physiology.

I then had a research career here in the UK mainly working on muscle development. I can be found in Nature doing that.

I now have time to tutor and a deep knowledge and understanding to impart to students.

Teaching Experience:
I did a lot of Tutoring and Demonstrating during my Honours and PhD and afterwards both in the lab and with undergraduates at my institutions.

I held a Teaching Fellowship at the end of my PhD and gained much insight into how to be a better teacher.

I am good at exam technique and combined mine with my wife's when we taught our daughters.

I can cover Biology in all its school forms; Junior General Science; Physiology; Anatomy and Developmental Biology

Tutoring Approach:
I adjust my teaching to the student, in accordance with how they think and remember and the other subjects they are doing. I will always check that I am not leaving the student behind and they fully understand before moving on. I am good at finding suitable analogies.

I have experience at tutoring people from a number of different countries and cultures. Please do not think I just teach white Europeans.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Join me for engaging online tutoring sessions on weekends and evenings, where I employ dynamic teaching techniques, including interactive PowerPoint presentations and more. As a cancer researcher at the University of Cambridge, I offer tailored lessons in cancer biology and neuroscience. I am an expert in molecular biology and genomics techniques and would be happy to share the knowledge to budding researchers

Teaching Experience:
I have robust experience in applying a wide variety of teaching and assessment methodologies and
contributing to the design and development of curriculum and teaching material. During my academic
and research careers so far, I have
• Led a staff collaboration to update old protocols and methodologies for undergraduate research
students
• Increased average writing and reading comprehension of early research students by 21% in 3
months' time
UK Tutors' teaching philosophy of nurturing individual growth and curiosity greatly appeals to me and I am very excited to be an invaluable part of the same.

Tutoring Approach:
Lesson Format:

I customize each session to suit your learning goals.
We can connect online, making it convenient for your weekend and evening schedules.
My teaching approach incorporates multimedia elements, making complex topics easy to understand.
You're encouraged to actively participate, ask questions, and seek clarification during our virtual sessions.
I provide homework assignments and practice materials to reinforce your learning between sessions.

Content and Approach:

We'll start with foundational concepts and progress to more advanced topics.
Whether you're a beginner or looking for in-depth knowledge, I adapt the lessons to your level.
I emphasize critical thinking skills and problem-solving techniques, preparing you to tackle complex subjects.

Experience:

With my background as a cancer researcher, I bring expertise and a passion for teaching to every session.
I've successfully mentored students across different academic levels, helping them excel in their studies and research projects.
My goal is to make cancer biology and neuroscience accessible and exciting in our online sessions.
Let's explore these fascinating fields together and pave the way for your academic and research success during your weekends and evenings."

Subjects

Personal Description:
i use Microsoft team or skype and miro.com which is a board to explain on and share with the student. past papers are shared on the board to explain the technique of how to answer using online books for ks3 ,GCSE and A level .

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching and tutoring since 1991

Tutoring Approach:
i make student feels relaxed and ask the student what are the topics to go over a day before the lesson and so i prepare notes ,powerpoints and question to go over with the student

Subjects

Personal Description:
MBChB, Iam a dedicated and inspiring educator committed to shaping the future of healthcare through excellence in medical education. With a passion for medicine and a deep understanding of the challenges faced by students, I create a learning environment that is both intellectually stimulating and supportive. By integrating clinical relevance with foundational medical knowledge, I encourage students to think critically, apply theory to practice, and develop the compassion and professionalism essential to patient care. Through clear teaching, mentorship, and a genuine commitment to student growth, I consistently motivate aspiring doctors to reach their full potential and uphold the highest standards of medical practice.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching various subjects for 1-2 years
human sciences
Medicine
anatomy
physiology
biology
chemistry
Also experienced in teaching urdu and arts

Tutoring Approach:
I prefer teaching one to one class, it will help me in connecting with an individual learner. I start from the topics students are comfortable then move towards complex topics. My approach is to help them work efficiently towards their concerned subjects.My motive is to create a comfortable environment during study sessions by giving them proper time to comprehend every topic.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello, All!

It is my passion to pass on my knowledge to others enriching them and helping them understand concepts they may find hard. I can simplify difficult meanings and I am extremely patient and persistent. I am easy-going, responsible and trustworthy. I am very professional that respects his tutees and take knowledge seriously.

Teaching Experience:
I am a personal and group tutor for more than 15 years. I have taught pupils, students and adults of all ages and most subjects. I have also worked in educational institutions.

Tutoring Approach:
I adapt to my pupils and students' psyche and learning traits and I simplify hard concepts.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Professional Science Tutor | Academic Mentor | Neurodiversity Specialist
Dr Michelle Scott, B.Sc. (Hons), Ph.D., PGCertHE, FHEA

I am a full-time, highly experienced science tutor and academic mentor, specialising in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics from GCSE through to undergraduate level. With a Ph.D. in Biochemistry, a postgraduate certificate in Higher Education Teaching, and Fellowship of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA), I bring over two decades of expertise in high-level education.

My career spans senior teaching, research, and leadership positions across universities, independent sixth forms, and specialist schools. I provide targeted support for students preparing for medical, dental, and bioscience degree applications, including entrance exams such as the BMAT, UCAT, and university-specific assessments. I work extensively with academically ambitious students attending top-tier independent and selective schools, as well as international learners and home-educated pupils seeking exceptional, personalised science tuition.

I have a particular strength in supporting neurodiverse students, having spent eight years teaching science in specialist schools for the National Autistic Society. My deep understanding of autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and PDA enables me to deliver adaptable, effective, and empathetic lessons that build confidence and reduce anxiety.

Whether your child is aiming for competitive university admissions, top grades, or simply greater confidence and clarity in science, I offer expert guidance grounded in experience, academic rigour, and a warm, supportive approach.

Thank you for taking the time to read my profile. Please feel free to get in touch if you'd like to discuss how I can support your child's learning journey.

Teaching Experience:
With over 20 years in science education, I have taught and led in diverse academic environments-ranging from Russell Group universities to top-performing schools and specialist SEN provisions. My background combines subject expertise, leadership experience, and a strong understanding of both mainstream and individualised educational pathways.

Higher Education & Curriculum Development
Working in research and teaching at several UK universities, I served as Head of Science and Academic Partnerships, where I led curriculum design, academic strategy, and cross-institutional collaborations. I taught Biochemistry, Biomedical Science, and Molecular Biology, and supervised undergraduate research and dissertations.

Secondary and Sixth Form Science Teaching
I have taught all three sciences (Biology, Chemistry, and Physics) at GCSE and A-level, working across UK exam boards including AQA, OCR, Edexcel, and CIE. I specialise in helping students prepare for competitive undergraduate courses and sixth forms.

Specialist SEN Education
My experience includes nearly a decade teaching in National Autistic Society schools, where I led science teaching for students with complex needs, including autism, PDA, and ADHD. This role required highly adaptable, low-demand, relationship-based strategies, which continue to inform my one-to-one tutoring with neurodiverse students.

Academic Mentoring & Admissions Support
In addition to subject tuition, I support students with personal statement development, revision planning, and project/report improvement. My mentoring helps students approach learning with clarity, confidence, and a clear roadmap toward success.

Professional online science tutor
I deliver highly tailored lessons designed to build subject mastery, critical thinking, and academic confidence. My approach enables students to catch up with school content, re-engage in classroom learning, and strengthen their independent study habits. I support students in developing effective exam technique and revision strategies, while guiding them through complex scientific concepts at a pace that suits their individual needs. Lessons are structured, responsive, and enjoyable-designed to motivate and empower learners to reach their full potential.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach is rooted in personalised, outcomes-driven learning that respects the individuality of every student. I build long-term, trusted relationships with students and families, offering structured weekly tuition, academic mentoring, and intensive support during holidays or before exams.

I begin by identifying each student's strengths, learning style, and goals-whether that's achieving top exam results, building subject confidence, or securing a place at a competitive university. Lessons are carefully paced and fully tailored, integrating concept mastery, exam technique, and independent thinking.

For students preparing for medicine, dentistry, or bioscience degrees, I provide expert guidance on course selection, entrance exams (UCAT, BMAT), and personal statement writing-offering a clear advantage in an increasingly competitive admissions landscape.

For neurodiverse learners, I use a low-anxiety, flexible, and strengths-based approach. I draw on years of experience in SEN education to ensure students feel safe, seen, and supported. My sessions are calm, responsive, and adapted in real time to accommodate processing differences, energy levels, and emotional needs.

Online lessons are delivered through high-quality platforms using interactive tools, virtual whiteboards, and shared resources. I maintain regular feedback with families to track progress, refine goals, and ensure a collaborative, transparent learning experience.

Whether your child requires strategic long-term mentoring or short-term academic intervention, I deliver results-focused tuition that builds capability, confidence, and genuine love for science.

Subjects