Lymm Italian Tutors and Lymm Italian Tuition

Personal Description:
I have a Doctorate in Languages and Literatures from La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy and an MSc in Corporate Communications and Public Affairs from RGU.

I love teaching and using my communication and interpersonal skills with people of any age, nationality and background.
I enjoy helping students achieve proficiency in the languages I teach, help them become confident communicators in writing, listening and speaking whether is for work, study or leisure.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching to people of various ages and backgrounds since 2009 at Aberdeen College, language schools (Aberdeen Courses) and as a freelancer.
I have experience in teaching students from schools, professionals from oil and gas organisations, and other sectors.
I have helped school pupils of various ages and levels in achieving high marks in exams such as National 5, GCSE and Highers.

I also have experience in preparing for language exams and University essay writing on various authors.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach to teaching is based on the student's requirements and needs whether is for business, leisure or study.
Grammar, reading, writing exercises and developing listening and expressive skills are all at the core of my approach.
These skills are taught depending on the level and nature of the classes (business, academic or casual learning).
I am aware of all the difficulties of learning a foreign language, therefore I make sure that the students not only have an effective class but also an enjoyable time.
I make use of grammar books, exercises, audios, conversational topics, newspapers, magazines, games and more!

Subjects

Personal Description:
I consider myself as an ambassador of Italian culture and language and I strongly believe that studying a foreign language is an incredibly enriching experience that can really widen and improve your world. I started learning languages when I was six and I will probably never stop.
In my spare time I love reading, watching movies and going to farmers' markets.

Teaching Experience:
I started teaching Italian as a foreign language while studying languages and literatures at university. I kept teaching part-time for 3 years to students of various ages and levels until I graduated.
I then pursued a career in advertising: I worked as copywriter and trainer of new employees for 6 years. I had the opportunity to train new colleagues from all over Europe. I loved training so much that I decided to go back to language teaching, but full-time. I completed my teacher training at the London Italian Cultural Institute, where I achieved my TIAFL Certificate (Teacher of Italian as a Foreign Language).
I am currently working as part-time private Italian tutor in North London.

Tutoring Approach:
My teaching is student-centred: this means that I plan lessons according to my learners' level, needs and interests.
Lessons are completely in Italian and are designed according to the principles of the communicative method, which makes authentic Italian material the starting point that will lead students to explore and discover the language in a spontaneous way.
You will be learning Italian and Italian culture through different texts and activities. My resources are the latest Italian learning text books, but also literature, songs, videos, articles and games.
Guided by the student's objectives, we will be working on all language abilities: speaking, writing, listening and reading, in order to promote a full and enjoyable learning process.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi, I have always had a love for languages and would love to instil you with the same enthusiasm. After having lived abroad as part of my degree, I then graduated with a BA Hons Degree Class 2.1 in Modern Languages (German, French and Italian), after which I obtained my Post Graduate Certificate in Education (PGCE). After teaching, I also worked for International companies, using my languages extensively by liaising with customers and colleagues overseas and also translating and interpreting. I have always kept my languages fresh by reading foreign literature and keeping in touch with German / French friends. I am mother to 4 children, but even after my children were born, I continued to do some freelance translation. As a mother and as a teacher, I know the importance of patience and how important it is to make learning worthwhile, enjoyable and fun!

Teaching Experience:
After qualifying as a Languages teacher, I have taught German and French in a Comprehensive School to the 11-18 age group. I have tutored teenagers and adults privately in both German and French. I have also provided French classes in one of the International companies I worked for.

Tutoring Approach:
I can offer a learning program which is specifically tailored to suit the individuals needs, whatever the level of knowledge or ability. If required, lessons can be adapted to focus on specific areas such as grammar or conversation practice. My experience in using languages in a business setting also means that I am also well placed to teach lanuages to adults for business purposes. I am a perfectionist and will strive to offer the best tuition possible, by thorough preparation and the use of a variety of learning materials and approaches. If required homework can be set to consolidate knowledge learnt. I want your learning to be productive and engaging. It can open a window into foreign culture and soon you will realise how much fun it is to be able to communicate in another language.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Having grown up in an Anglo Italian family in both England and Italy, I am totally bilingual and I have a passion for language teaching in all its aspects.

Teaching Experience:
II have taught both English and Italian language for many years and in all kinds of situations.

- I have taught all ages: from children to senior citizens.

- all levels, from elementary to advanced

- from individuals to university courses of over 100 students

- in a variety of professional contexts for companies

- in my home and in cafes to create an authentic environments.

I love seeing my clients make progress.

Tutoring Approach:
I believe in putting students at ease and fostering a positive emotional environment within which the students can learn by doing. Believing there is no greater incentive than success I always adopt a positive approach to teaching.

Although grammar is fundamental to any language, I prefer to teach students collocations (groups of words that commonly go together) than dry grammar rules. I leads to people speaking more instinctively and spending less time worrying about the correctness of what they are saying.

Building confidence in the learner and helping them realise that they can transfer natural communication skills from their first language to their second language is key to their success.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I have a BA grade 2.1 obtained at University of Chester in English and a CELTA/ESOL teaching qualification from University of Cambridge. I am a bilingual speaker of Italian and Spanish. I have been teaching for five and half years in state schools, academies, summer camps for young learners of languages and private houses. There is nothing that gives me more satisfaction and sense of fulfillment than teaching languages. It is a fascinating experience to see students learning and progressing, and gaining confidence in expressing themselves in another language.

Teaching Experience:
I have tutored and taught Italian, Spanish and English as a Foreign Language for more than 7 years in schools, academies, languages summer courses and private houses. I prepare GCSE/IGCSE/A-Level students for their examinations or coursework and speakers of other languages for ESOL/Trinity College examinations. I have also taught Spanish and Italian for business purposes in private companies and in one-to-one sessions. I can adapt my teaching resources to different teaching environments such as students' homes, my own home, clubs, conference rooms etc. I use IT such as PP presentation etc, and textbooks. I have created my own resources as well, in order to adapt to different needs and enhance students' level and abilities.
I can provide references( from head teachers, adult students, etc.) regarding the high standard of my teaching methods. Students have always attained high marks in their examinations after being tutored by me.

Tutoring Approach:
I can design and tailor my lessons plans following my personal syllabus- which include a range of activities that stimulate the different skills required when learning a foreign language, namely writing, reading, speaking and listening. I can target specific areas, if needed, such as pronunciation, use of language, grammar or reading.
I can create my own resources using the internet, textbooks and other sources of information. I usually take into consideration the different abilities of students in order to tailor my lessons and make them more effective and interesting.
My lessons are designed to motivate and encourage independent learning. I elicit from students as much knowledge as possible from previous learning in order to scaffold it with new notions and provide them with practical linguistic tools. I stimulate their productive skills, e.g. speaking and writing, by using visual cues or written prompts in order to give them suggestions and make them work independently. I use as much 'real life'material- Internet, DVDs, songs, extracts of conversations from foreign media, etc.- as possible. I tend to do this from an early stage of the learning experience in order to make the student aware that the language they are learning is a live and real one, spoken by millions of people overseas. When teaching English as a Foreign Language, I motivate students to practice English outside the lesson environment and provide them with practical speaking skills. All this, of course, alongside the academic preparation for their exams.
I am an approachable teacher, and I like to create a comfortable learning environment where the student can build up his/her confidence to use the foreign language and 'take the risk' to speak Italian, Spanish or English. A good teacher is the one who can guide the student without being too intrusive. In short, the teacher must be able to listen and interact with their students. Only in this way students can have a truly enjoyable and rewarding learning experience.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a trustworthy, hard-working and conscientious person. I am a quick learner with an exemplary timekeeping and attendance record. I take satisfaction in achieving high standards in any task I undertake, and possess a methodical and organised working approach. Equally capable of working both within a team and on an individual basis, my communication, interpersonal skills and knowledge enable me to interact with colleagues at all levels within the workplace. I love work with children from nursery, preschool and primary school up to stage 1.

Teaching Experience:
One very special working experience achievement was with children y3-4 and y5-6 in a primary school. I was not only teaching Italian Language but I was involved as producer and director of Goldilocks and the three bears in the Italian spoken language which has never been done before as a movie.
Date: from March to April 2005.
Actors were primary school children, which have been selected from the Head Teacher and me. I have trained them every week from March to April 2005 to play on different set. (Drama lessons included). The movie has been filmed in July 2005.
My experience was not only as an Italian Teacher but director and producer and composer for the editing of background music and special audio effects. This is the first time I have made my first movie. (17 minutes footage).
Sponsor for the project and investor was the Italian Consulate of Manchester (U.K.). Very good reward and payment + bonus for the hard work I have done in those months.

Tutoring Approach:
I can teach academic primary school subject up to stage 1 and Italian language for beginners, level 1 and 2 and advanced.
Further Education Adults Course.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am an experienced and qualified tutor based in London and I am offering One-to-One tuition to students of all ages and levels. I can coach you in preparation of internationally certified exams or simply help you learning a new language or improving your skills (grammar, reading, conversation, speaking...)

Teaching Experience:
I have several years experience as a tutor and private teacher for small groups, and I am confident teaching students of any age.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach varies depending on the student's needs and learning style. However my teaching philosophy is based on encouraging students to think for themselves, using real-world examples wherever possible. I start from topics the students are comfortable with and move gradually towards more complex areas as their confidence builds. I use questions and examples to check understanding continually. I usually focus on exam-style or past paper questions in order to check, practice and perfect the student's understanding and technique. I also give a lot of emphasis to some of the less obvious but vital skills such as essay structure and technique, logical thought, and the effective use of numbers and graphs.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a vibrant passionate Italian, French and English Teacher. I am strongly committed in delivering outstanding teaching, supporting learners and motivating them.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching for 20 years, delivering:
- classes to pupils aged from 14 to 18 as a State teacher in Italy,
- individual tuition / group classes to pupils, students, professionals, adults
- individual tuition / group classes for certification purposes to pupils, students, professionals, adults in English (Cambridge ESOL certificates from A2 to C1 level), DELf-DALF (Alliance française certificates from A2 to C1 level), FIT and Start (Goethe Institut, FIT 1 and FIT 2, Start 1 and 2)
- individual / group classes for entrepreneurs (French and English)
- individual/group tuition for national competitions, job interviews,....
- degree thesis in English and French.

Tutoring Approach:
Being passionate of research, innovative methodology, communication I have developed my own methodology enabling students to speak and write from the very first lesson.
I have a true passion for pronounciation which enables learners to easily understand and produce well built answers.
I have develped my own methodology for listening activities and pronunciation skills from my experience as an interpreter (simultaneous, consecutive, chuchotage).

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello, I'm Sammy.

I offer private tutoring in German and Italian in friendly, focused and supportive lessons. Whether you are learning a language as an adult, need help with exams, or would just like some conversation practice to boost your confidence, I will tailor our sessions to suit your needs. Of course, if you just want to brush up on your language skills before a holiday or business trip, I can help with this, too!

I offer lessons for groups at a discounted rate - ideal for couples and friends.

I also have extensive experience in teaching English as a foreign language and I welcome international students to get in touch.

I am based in Liverpool and offer online tuition.

Teaching Experience:
* Former Head of Languages in a secondary school
* Fully qualified teacher with over ten years' experience teaching GCSE and A level
* Masters in Education and 1st class BA (hons) in German and Italian with a distinction in spoken language
* Experience teaching language for business
* Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) certified

Tutoring Approach:
My first aim is to put you at ease and boost your confidence. Lesson content is completely flexible to fit with what you need and we will always work at a pace you are comfortable with.

Subjects

Personal Description:
A conscientious and professional Italian native teacher, with extensive experience in teaching Italian as well as English as foreign languages to students of all ages and backgrounds.
I teach by using the direct method which is also known as the natural method, and it is used in teaching foreign languages, using mostly the target language to meet the students' needs.
Teaching focuses on the development of oral skills and teaching grammar as a consequence in order to gain all the abilities in the easiest and more interesting way for the students.
I have been teaching for the past 10 years and I love to keep training and learning new techniques and new approaches to the language. The lessons are tailored made to my students' needs. I teach one to one or small groups with a variable number of students, ONLINE ONLY via webcam. Contact me for a free introductory meeting and to discuss your learning journey. I am also a Cambridge CELTA, YL-ext and CLIL qualified teacher.

Teaching Experience:
I am an Italian mother tongue Cambridge CELTA and CELTYL qualified Teacher of English and I have been teaching English and Italian to students of all ages for the past 10 years.
Italian online tutor: individual and group courses, all levels.
One-to one or small group lessons AQA, EDEXCEL or CAMBRIDGE IGCSE specifications. I have been teaching for the past 10 years and I love to keep training and learning new techniques and new approaches.
Experience:
Aspire Sussex: teaching Italian as a Foreign Language to adults, all levels, GCSE Italian.
BHASVIC College Sixth Form: teaching Italian as a Foreign Language to adults, all levels, GCSE Italian.
PACA : teaching Italian as a Foreign Language to adults, all levels, GCSE Italian.
The Language Guru: teaching Italian as a Foreign Language to adults, all levels, GCSE Italian.
Cactus Language Training: teaching Italian as a Foreign Language to adults, all levels, GCSE Italian.
Duke of Edinburgh award tutor.
I have been working as teaching Assistant in day care and nursery with children from 2 to 4 years of age for more than 5 years.
Leading Art groups with children aged 6 to 12.
Helen Doron Early English and Teen English qualified teacher.
English as a Foreign Language Teacher in CLIL projects;
English as a Foreign Language Teacher
Courses in English Language Conversation for Tourism (Basic and Elementary Level)
English for Business: In-Company individual and group courses ranging from Beginner to Advanced levels.
English as a Foreign Language Teacher in rehabilitation centres for vocational training courses.
C.L.I.L. Methodology Course Certificate - (LCCI International Qualification)
CLIL expert in kindergarten, primary and high school;
Cambridge ESOL - YL Extension to CELTA
Cambridge ESOL - CELTA
Cambridge ESOL - Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE)
Designer of services for children according to Waldorf Education
HDEE Teaching Certificate, Early Childhood and Teenagers Education and Teaching
EFL Teacher in Early Childhood and Teenagers Education
Level 3 Award EYFS Teaching
Level 2 Teaching Assistant
Safeguarding Certificate
Equality and Diversity Certificate

Tutoring Approach:
Teacher of Italian as L2 - ONLINE ONLY -
I teach by using the direct method which is also known as the natural method, and it is used in teaching foreign languages, using mostly the target language to meet the students' needs.
Group sessions are structured around the group interests and needs, encouraging everyone to join in, while one-to-one sessions focus on meeting each student's personal needs and goals.
Teaching focuses on the development of oral skills and teaching grammar as a consequence in order to gain all the abilities in the easiest and more interesting way for the students.
- Teaching concepts and vocabulary through pantomiming, real-life objects and other visual materials.
- Teaching grammar by using an inductive approach (i.e. having learners find out rules through the presentation of adequate linguistic forms in the target language).
- Centrality of spoken language (including a native pronunciation).

Subjects

Personal Description:
With a degree in Italian language and literature, a thirty years' experience in creative writing and many years of teaching individuals and groups, I can be your perfect match if you want to learn the Italian language and also to understand the Italian culture. I can teach at my house or online.

Teaching Experience:
To confirm my skills, I can tell you that I am also in the team of teachers of the SIAL, who is appointed by the Consulate General of Italy in London to run all the Italian courses for children in schools in England under its patronage. These courses are endorsed and supported by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
Since the beginning of my career as a teacher, I have provided my pupils with tailor-made programmes, that are different for children, young people and adult learners. I have experience also with Gcse and A Level exams preparation.

Tutoring Approach:
After the first assessment I customise my teaching on student's needs and requests. I always provide also details about the Italian traditions and habits. Let's say that I give to my tutees an overview about the language and the culture. I use to prepare every lesson thinking of the style and preferences of the students, in order to involve them. In one hour lesson I normally mix conversation, grammar, listening, writing and a bit of fun. As a writer, I love my language and I love to talk to people. When I teach Italian I put together both this interests. And it makes me really happy!
So, whether you are looking for some conversation classes, for a year-long weekly course or an intensive programme, I will be able to define the right path for you. Learning Italian has never been so easy!

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi, I'm half Finnish and half Irish and currently studying management at The University of Stirling. I love teaching English as a foreign language and can also teach Italian for beginners. I am doing this to earn some money alongside my studies as well as gain more experience.

Teaching Experience:
Last summer, I worked in a summer school where I was teaching English as a foreign language for six hours a day for six weeks to Italian, French, Spanish and Chinese students.

I have also done one-to-one tuition in Italy for three months.

I have never taught Italian before but willing to teach those who want to learn beginner Italian as I lived in Italy for 5 years so do know the language quite well!

Tutoring Approach:
I take either a vocabulary or grammar topic and combine it with two of the four language skills; speaking, listening, reading and writing. I mix things up but keep it fun and enjoyable.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a qualified Italian teacher, with 5 years or experience. I also hold a Bachelor`s Degree in Linguistic and Cultural Mediation and a Master`s Degree in Literary Translation.
I immediately decided to start to teach Italian, and moved to London to qualify as a teacher. I obtained the CTLA (Certificate in Language Teaching to Adults) at the Italian Cultural Institute of London, and have been teaching ever since.
I decided to open a website in 2018, to create a platform with online courses for students located anywhere, and with a blog to write about the "hows" and "whats" or share my interactive activities.

Teaching Experience:
5 years of experience here in London, with students of all ages, levels, and cultural background, in person and online

Tutoring Approach:
Through my experience I have realized there is no best approach to teaching, because using different approaches help students according to their different needs.
I encourage my students to be independent learners by building up little by little and in a stress-free situation, similiar to the way one learns a first language as a child, thanks to games, videos and informal conversation.
I prefer interactive activities whenever possible to make my lessons engaging and fun.
In order to help learners, revision and 24/7 support are available.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a fully qualified Modern Foreign Languages teacher and have been working as a secondary school teacher since September 2016.

I am passionate about languages and about language teaching in particular and am a fully qualified secondary school teacher with vast experience in the education system and in the teaching of modern foreign languages. I have also had significant tutoring experience with GCSE and A-Level pupils as well as teaching English to younger pupils in both France and Italy.

Teaching Experience:
I have had experience of language teaching at a secondary school as a fully qualified teacher for the past seven academic years as well as having previous experience teaching English abroad in both France and Italy. I have vast experience teaching KS3, KS4 and KS5 students.

Tutoring Approach:
I am enthusiastic and have a wealth of experience in languages teaching as well as excellent knowledge of the current GCSE and A-level courses. Furthermore, I have strong links with the University of Hull, having worked as a languages ambassador and thus retain my strong links with the university and its languages students and staff in particular.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I'm Freya and I want to help you discover how great learning languages can be!
I have recently just finished my third year at the University of St. Andrews studying Italian and Spanish. I spent my third year in Italy working as an English Language Assistant in a middle school as part of the year abroad programme.
I consider myself an approachable person and find teaching to be a very rewarding experience, and I welcome comments from my tutors about helpful points or areas of improvement to ensure students get the most out of my lessons.

I have 9 years experience of learning languages, which include Spanish, Italian, French, Welsh and German, therefore I have acquired the necessary skills, techniques and methods required to learn and revise for a Modern Foreign Language and hope to pass this onto students. I achieved 2 A*s and 1 A in my A-Levels and am fully aware of the dedication and hard work that is required to achieve your best potential.

Teaching Experience:
After having spent the last academic year as an English Language Assistant to students in a middle school in Italy, I have experience of teaching a range of different abilities and attitudes. Teaching a second language to over 120 pupils (aged 12-14) has provided with new teaching skills whilst also understanding difficulties that students overcome when learning a new language.
In my final year of sixth form, I volunteered my free time at the Preparatory School teaching introductory Spanish to pupils aged seven to ten and returned a year later during my University summer holidays.
The methodology I studied in an English Language Teaching section of a Linguistics module during my first year of University included the theory of language and learning which shapes the objectives, syllabus and activities of a lesson along with the tutor and tutee roles. In addition to this, I have also embarked upon a self-funded online teaching course for second language learning and the best tips and techniques in order for students to succeed.

Tutoring Approach:
Learning a language is complex task that takes a lot of practice and determination.
I tend to focus on grammar drills followed by exercises that include different topics of vocabulary, however I tailor classes to the needs of the tutee. My online classes include powerpoints, games and grammar and vocabulary exercises all through speaking or writing exercises.
As I studied for my GCSE's and A-Levels a few years ago, I have a lot of revision notes and books which are of great help and am happy to mark practice past papers for students as I know personally how helpful these are.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I hold a Fine Arts Degree with Specialized Honors, a Bachelor of Education from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) in Toronto. I have taught Visual Art and Design, Film, Art History and History as well as Arts Business and Small Business Marketing courses. I have also been a long term supply teacher in various subject areas including languages (I speak French and Italian and have studied primary German); English Literature, Biology, Social Sciences and even Yoga. I am also a professional artist who has lived and exhibited internationally in North America, Europe and Asia.

Teaching Experience:
I have taught since 1997 in many secondary and college levels as well as one on one online and in person.
A full list of experience is available upon request.

Tutoring Approach:
I employ observation and interaction, diagnostic tactics and tests according to curriculum. Lessons should be well planned and organized, and the planning should
clearly demonstrate that the lesson will address the needs of individual students.-Engaging knowledge itself to taking students from mere complacency to passion.

I am an international artist who has lived in many different parts of the world.
I am a business woman with many accolades.
I also speak Italian and French and am ready to influence those interested in these languages with the history, art, music, film and food of these cultures.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I have been living in London since 2010 where I achieved a Post-Grad diploma in HR at Westminster University in 2016.
I have been teaching Italian language since 2018. During the pandemic I decided to turn my passion about teaching into a full time job.
In 2022 I attended a CLTA certified course at International House on teaching Italian as a second language to adults.

I work on a free-lance basis for two language schools in London and I devote the rest of my working schedule to private students. I also do small groups.

I am qualified and experienced in preparing students for GCSE and CILS certificates.

Teaching Experience:
am a native Italian who turned his passion for Italian language and culture into his profession.
I am a friendly person, always looking to create a relaxed and easy-going atmosphere during the classes.

I am available for online classes or in person.
Lessons will be tailored on the student's needs and interests.
During the first lesson I will assess your level just with a very informal chat and we'll set up together a functioning plan.

During my classes I make use of various resources and I design my own material which I send to the student to revise. I also provide homework on a regular basis.

Tutoring Approach:
I am happy to tailor the classes to your likes but my main interests are:
Current Affairs
The jungle of Italian politics
Sports
Italian cuisine
Folklore and traditions
Italian history
Contemporary literature
Italian music
On vacation in Italy

Subjects

Personal Description:
I come from a very multilingual and multicultural background. Having grown up in Tanzania and now Kenya I have had the opportunity to go to a French School for 8 years, learning every subject in French. Additionally, my fluency for Italian has come from my parents who are both Italian, which this level of Italian increased during my time at Boarding school (GCSE and A level), similarly with French.

Furthermore, having gone to an International Boarding School I have profoundly learnt Spanish from the ages of 10-18.

Teaching Experience:
This past summer, I have been able to participte in Language Summer School at Stonyhurst College and I have been priveleged to be able to teach the kids developed and more intermediate levels of English along with native languages, which I am fluent in. This enabled me to communicate with children when they haven't understood words etc...

Similarly, when I was at school I used to help the younger kids with their revision for upcoming exams, and used to help them learn relevant content along with grammar and conjucations, which is extremelly important when it comes to understanding and pronouncing foreign words.

Tutoring Approach:
As a tutor, I will be patient as I know that languages are very hard to learn and therefore having patient is important to fostering an important positive mentality, which is also a key factor to being able to achieve the grades an individual is aiming for.
Additionally, pronounciation will be worked on as this is very important when taking speaking exams, and I feel like this is very overlooked amongst tutors and not taken seriously; when someone knows how to pronounce it will be easier to spell and remember key vocabulary.
Furthermore, one thing i learned at school was that doing past papers is the most important thing to get yourself used to examination strcutures and get you to really understand syllabus and contents of the subject you are studying.
However, even though these are all contributing factors to learning a subject, knowing how to revise is just as important, which is something I will also be teaching and helping them find what revision tactic is best for them.

Subjects