Penicuik Greek Tutors and Penicuik Greek Tuition

Personal Description:
I am an experienced qualified teacher (Certified Teacher-Directive 2005/36/EC) of Modern Greek language (native speaker) and Classics (Ancient Greek, Latin, Classical Civilization). My BA degree with QTS (Qualified Teacher Status, 4-year course) from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (UoA, Faculty of Philology), is in Greek & Classical Philology with a major in Linguistics, and my MA degree is in Educational Studies (with Distinction, The University of York). Most of my tutees are learners of Greek as a Foreign Language (Conversational Greek, Business Greek, Greek for Beginners, Intensive Greek), Greek as a Second Language, and BA /MA students at the University of Edinburgh (where I'm based) and other universities (via online tuition) who need help with Latin/Ancient Greek/Modern Greek for their undergraduate/postgraduate course. I also have significant experience in preparing tutees for GSCE in Modern Greek. In addition, I have worked on a plethora of GR-EN digital content translation/localisation projects, content creation projects and as a proofreader/checker for MA dissertations and PhD Theses.

Teaching Experience:
January 2012 - present
Freelance Tutor for Greek as a Foreign Language (Conversational Greek, Business Greek, Greek for Beginners, Intensive Greek) or Second Language, Latin, Ancient Greek.

January- June 2012
Lakeside Primary School, Clifton Moor, York, United Kingdom
Volunteer teaching assistant, York Students in Schools (YSIS)
This community volunteering scheme provided teaching opportunities that enhanced personal and professional development.

December 2009- October 2011
"Neo" Educational Organisation of Secondary Education, Athens, Greece
Middle School and High School (Gymnasium and Lyceum) full time teacher
Latin & Ancient Greek Literature and Thought, Classical Civilization, Greek and Roman History
Student-centred and interactive teaching approach
Developing and designing lesson plans according to the Greek National Curriculum.
Monitoring student progress (summative and formative assessment)

2007-2008
Teaching practice - National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

"Varvakeio", Experimental Lyceum, Athens
"First (1st) Experimental Unified Lyceum of Athens"
"Gennadio", Athens
"Anavryta" Experimental Lyceum, Athens,
"Agion Anargyron" Experimental Gymnasium, Athens
Arranging and developing lesson plans for middle school and high school grades.
Practice on teaching methods and strategies
Classroom management
Observing lessons
Teaching under observation

2004 -present
Self-employment- Private tutor
Greek as a Foreign Language (GFL), Greek as a Second Language, Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek Language, Latin, Ancient and Modern Greek literature, Philosophy, Writing/Study skills

Tutoring Approach:
Student-centred and interactive teaching approach.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a Physics graduate and have over 34 years teaching experience. I love helping people. I am always looking to help people find ways to help themselves!

Teaching Experience:
Taught for many years at all levels. Physics is my main expertise but have also taught Greek (native speaker), Maths, Biology and Chemistry.

Tutoring Approach:
I want to find out the best way to help each individual student. Help them to break down problems into smaller manageable bits.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I studied Classics at King's College, Cambridge, graduating in 2009. I then trained as a teacher at Queens' College, Cambridge, graduating with a PGCE in 2010. I have been a private tutor since 2009, and have now clocked up thousands of hours' tutoring experience in Latin and Ancient Greek. I tutor both languages to degree-level standard in London, Cambridge and online. I love Classics, and my main aim is to make my lessons fun and inspirational.

Teaching Experience:
I have been tutoring Latin and Ancient Greek intensively for the past 7 years, with thousands of hours' teaching experience to date. I have taught towards all major public exams in both languages, such as Common Entrance, GCSE, AS, A2, SAT, Pre-U and even BA (i.e. University exams). I am familiar with the entrance processes for a number of independent and grammar schools, and have had a lot of experience teaching towards scholarship papers. I have tutored many students applying to Cambridge and Oxford, and can provide in-depth advice and support with choosing the right course and college, as well as getting to the necessary level for the language tests. I have also taught the languages to those who have decided to learn them purely for fun! In addition to my face-to-face teaching, I have taught extensively online (about 50% of my teaching is conducted on Skype), and have built up an array of handy techniques to get the most from the online format. I was Head of Latin at a school in Bury St Edmunds for two years (September 2011 to July 2013). Since October 2010, I have been supervising Cambridge undergraduates in Latin and Ancient Greek (colleges so far have included Pembroke, Downing, Homerton, Queens', King's, Murray Edwards, Newnham, Caius, Peterhouse, St John's, Emmanuel and Trinity). I also own and run a private tuition agency, Titanium Tutors, which I set up in 2011, managing a team of 8 staff members and over 1000 inspirational tutors.

Tutoring Approach:
My teaching style is structured and thorough. I start every lesson with a five minute recap of the key content of the previous session, checking how much the tutee remembers. A typical lesson will then consist of a translation, in which I ask the tutee to note down each unknown word as it is encountered and to devise a memory trick which will help them to recall the word in a five minute test at the end of the lesson. Together with the tutee, I will then pick a grammar point which stood out in the translation exercise as requiring the most immediate attention. We will spend five to ten minutes working on that, with the tutee's understanding tested with some reinforcement exercises. At the end of the lesson we will recap all the new vocabulary and grammar which was covered, and I will typically set a manageable 20 - 30 minute homework for the next session based on what was covered in the lesson. Every lesson is of course different, and tailored to the tutee's requirements, but I find this approach works in the vast majority of cases. I consider grammar to be crucially important, but treat it as a means to an end and always emphasise the ways in which it can be usefully applied to translation rather than learned in isolation. I believe that any tutee can excel in Latin and Greek with a little guidance and a decent amount of independent work. Above all, I strive to make my lessons fun and enjoyable. I love my subject and want all of my tutees to love it too.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I studied Classics at King's College, Cambridge, graduating in 2009. I then trained as a teacher at Queens' College, Cambridge, graduating with a PGCE in 2010. I have been a private tutor since 2009, and have now clocked up thousands of hours' tutoring experience in Latin and Ancient Greek. I tutor both languages to degree-level standard in London, Cambridge and online. I love Classics, and my main aim is to make my lessons fun and inspirational.

Teaching Experience:
I have been tutoring Latin and Ancient Greek intensively for the past 7 years, with thousands of hours' teaching experience to date. I have taught towards all major public exams in both languages, such as Common Entrance, GCSE, AS, A2, SAT, Pre-U and even BA (i.e. University exams). I am familiar with the entrance processes for a number of independent and grammar schools, and have had a lot of experience teaching towards scholarship papers. I have tutored many students applying to Cambridge and Oxford, and can provide in-depth advice and support with choosing the right course and college, as well as getting to the necessary level for the language tests. I have also taught the languages to those who have decided to learn them purely for fun! In addition to my face-to-face teaching, I have taught extensively online (about 50% of my teaching is conducted on Skype), and have built up an array of handy techniques to get the most from the online format. I was Head of Latin at a school in Bury St Edmunds for two years (September 2011 to July 2013). Since October 2010, I have been supervising Cambridge undergraduates in Latin and Ancient Greek (colleges so far have included Pembroke, Downing, Homerton, Queens', King's, Murray Edwards, Newnham, Caius, Peterhouse, St John's, Emmanuel and Trinity). I also own and run a private tuition agency, Titanium Tutors, which I set up in 2011, managing a team of 8 staff members and over 1000 inspirational tutors.

Tutoring Approach:
My teaching style is structured and thorough. I start every lesson with a five minute recap of the key content of the previous session, checking how much the tutee remembers. A typical lesson will then consist of a translation, in which I ask the tutee to note down each unknown word as it is encountered and to devise a memory trick which will help them to recall the word in a five minute test at the end of the lesson. Together with the tutee, I will then pick a grammar point which stood out in the translation exercise as requiring the most immediate attention. We will spend five to ten minutes working on that, with the tutee's understanding tested with some reinforcement exercises. At the end of the lesson we will recap all the new vocabulary and grammar which was covered, and I will typically set a manageable 20 - 30 minute homework for the next session based on what was covered in the lesson. Every lesson is of course different, and tailored to the tutee's requirements, but I find this approach works in the vast majority of cases. I consider grammar to be crucially important, but treat it as a means to an end and always emphasise the ways in which it can be usefully applied to translation rather than learned in isolation. I believe that any tutee can excel in Latin and Greek with a little guidance and a decent amount of independent work. Above all, I strive to make my lessons fun and enjoyable. I love my subject and want all of my tutees to love it too.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Oxford graduate with more than fifteen years' experience as a private tutor and consistently excellent results in Latin, Greek, Classics and English.

Studied Classics at Oxford University and awarded an academic scholarship.

Earned a Master's Degree with Distinction in Latin literature at UCL. Awarded the Dean's Prize.

Since then, I have been working as an award-winning arts journalist alongside my work as a private tutor.

Teaching Experience:
Private tutor for fifteen years, with significant experience in private tuition of Latin, Greek and English at all levels, and excellent exam results achieved by my students.

*LATIN/GREEK*

Classroom experience as teacher of Latin at a prep school and teaching assistant for primary school Latin classes.

In-depth, up-to-date knowledge of the current syllabuses for Common Entrance, GCSE and A-level, as well as all major textbooks, including Oxford and Cambridge Latin Courses, Athenaze, Greek to GCSE, Shelmerdine, ISEB Common Entrance publications and other frequently used courses. I also have a wide range of my own resources.

*ENGLISH*

English tutor for ten years, complemented by working as an award-winning arts journalist. Through this work
I've personally interviewed several of the authors on the English syllabuses, including Margaret Atwood and Arundhati Roy. I have a particular love of bringing Shakespeare alive, and I have also extensively interviewed many actors and practitioners about Shakespeare's work, including Sir Ian McKellen; I love to feed this real-world experience into lessons, to show that learning English is not just about words on a page.

Tutoring Approach:
CONFIDENCE: I love seeing students gain confidence as they study with me, and passing on my knowledge and enthusiasm until they are as excited about a subject as I am. My main focus is finding something for them to enjoy within a given subject and building our learning around that.

TARGETED APPROACH: I find out the areas where the student will need the most help, then I plan my lessons carefully to address those areas of difficulty. I always try to build on the way the student has been taught at school, so that my tuition complements their school learning rather than clashing with it.

EXAM TECHNIQUE: I also ensure that we are always working on exam and revision techniques while learning. This includes helpful mnemonics, studying past papers and mark schemes, and ensuring we are engaging closely with the relevant syllabus to pick up as many marks as possible when it comes to exams.

TIPS AND TRICKS: I like to build routine into tuition sessions, so that the student knows what to expect in each session, which helps boost their confidence, and so that grammar which can seem strange and unfamiliar at first becomes second nature. I've got plenty of tips and tricks to help with the most difficult parts of grammar and syntax. It's useful to break things down into smaller chunks - for example, the large set texts can be daunting, but they become manageable when taken piece by piece.

Above all, my approach is to be friendly, patient and knowledgeable.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello! My name is Giacomo, I come from Italy and I am a third year PhD student in Roman Archaeology at the University of Leicester.I have a strong experience in tutoring and teaching at high school and university level and I'm happy to help with Latin, Ancient Greek and Italian.

Teaching Experience:
During the last two years I have been teaching different courses at the University of Leicester, acquiring a strong experience in dealing with students. In particular during this and last year I have been teaching Latin and Ancient Greek to first year students. In the last two months I also have been teaching Latin to the children of the Overdale Infant and Jr. School, as part of the Outreach Program of the School of Archaeology and Ancient History. Furthermore, since last year I have been working as one to one study mentor in The AccessAbility Centre of the University where I support students with learning disabilities. Finally, when I was still in Italy I have been giving private lessons of Latin, Ancient Greek and Italian literature to high school and university students for three years.

Tutoring Approach:
I will have a different approach according to the language I will be teaching. For Italian, I will use a communicative approach. This means that I will deliver just a minimum of grammar and I will use the target language as much as possible so that the student will learn the grammar implicitly. On the other side, since Latin and Ancient Greek are extinct languages I will use a more traditional approach. Nevertheless, also in this case I will try to alternate grammar with literature in order to help the student to get a broader perception of the ancient world.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I studied Korean studies at the University of Sheffield and lived in Korea for one year. I am half Greek and half British (Welsh) and am fluent in both languages and very advanced in Korean language. I can help you with any of those 3 languages if needed and if its not possible to visit me I may be willing to travel to you depending on the location or have a lesson via Skype. Please contact me for further details :)

Teaching Experience:
I was a teacher on an online school called Barons English for a year, teaching English as a foreign language to mainly Korean students and I also had a few private students while I was at university to help them pass the IELTS examination.

Tutoring Approach:
First of all according to the level of the student and what they need, we shall work on their progress through a text book or whatever they have been using thus far. For beginners in Greek or Korean I have some appropriate text books we could use.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello and welcome!
My name is Ellie, and I'm an experienced Greek tutor with a strong academic background and a deep passion for teaching. I have been teaching Greek as a second and foreign language for over 10 years, working with students of all ages, language levels, and cultural backgrounds. From complete beginners to advanced learners, I adapt my lessons to each student's needs and learning style, creating a supportive and engaging environment that helps them thrive.
I was born and raised in Greece and hold a BA and MA in Greek Language & Literature from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. In 2014, I moved to the UK to pursue a Ph.D. in Modern Greek Studies, which I successfully completed in 2020. My academic training has given me a deep understanding of Greek language, literature, and culture-knowledge I love sharing with my students.
I am currently based in Essex, UK, and continue to teach Greek both in-person and online. Whether you`re learning Greek for travel, heritage, academic, or professional reasons, I'm here to help you reach your goals with confidence. Let's make your Greek learning journey rewarding and enjoyable-together!

Teaching Experience:
2014-Present - Private Tutor in Modern Greek
Providing personalised one-to-one and small group lessons to learners of all ages and levels. Specialising in tailored language instruction for adults, heritage speakers, and exam preparation. Developing individual learning plans to help learners build confidence and fluency in Greek.

2014-2018 - Greek Language Teacher, Apostolos Andreas Greek School, Birmingham, UK
Taught Greek as a heritage language to school-aged children in a structured classroom setting. Created engaging lesson materials and supported students in improving reading, writing, and speaking skills.

Tutoring Approach:
My teaching approach is personalised and student-centered, focusing on your individual goals and learning style. I combine structured lessons with interactive activities to make learning Greek enjoyable and effective. Whether you prefer conversation practice, grammar drills, or cultural insights, I tailor each session to keep you motivated and confident.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Evie, and I am an early years teacher. Greek is my mother language , I am a native speaker, I have experience teaching Greek from different setting with children and adults. I use creative methods to teach Greek so my students will enjoy their learning.

Teaching Experience:
Various experience from different settings in Greece and in Portsmouth
Stay and play groups in havelock community centre .
Hellenic school of Portsmouth.
Lots of 1-1 tutoring in ages between 5 and 11 and adults.

Tutoring Approach:
Using lots of methods , through art and music mainly students are encouraged to enrich their vocabulary while having fun. Learning can be fun. The lessons are mainly interactive. And lesson plans are designed to meet each persons individual needs by talking into account each persons learning style.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello everyone Γεια σας!!

I am Kyriaki and I am from beautiful Cyprus. I am a native Greek speaker with an excellent knowledge of English Language. I studied English Language and Literature and I always wanted to include something more active in my teaching. For that reason, I did my Master in Drama and Theatre Education where I learned how to use drama as a method to teach English.

Would you like to speak Greek in only 3 months? If that's what you are looking for then you are looking at the right profile.
I am offering packages for May June July now available. Booking begins from the 1st of April.

Teaching Experience:
I have 3 years experience in teaching English to young individuals and 2 years experience in teaching Greek to adults. I always want to give students an active learning and the opportunity to speak and "play" with the language. I can also teach Drama and help with undergraduate and masters. Moreover, if you need any help with your Undergraduate Degree based on English Language and Literature, you are on the right place! :)

Tutoring Approach:
I am really approachable and flexible with days and times. I am using an interactive book and I have the patience and knowledge to improve your language skills.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Γεια σου! My name is Christina and I am a passionate native Modern Greek Teacher. My background from my graduate Classical studies as well as my postgraduate Moral Philosophy/Ethics studies,in combination with QTS certificate and me being an Examiner associate, gave me the chance to work with everything that I love, hence teaching Modern Greek as a second language.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching Modern Greek as a second language since 2014 in London, both to adults and children.
My expertise is the preparation of A Level Modern Greek and GCSE students in order to succeed the A* grade in their final exams.
I currently work as an A Level Teacher in a Greek School and I teach Modern Greek in groups and in one-to-one tuition both online and in one of the best Universities in London.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach of teaching is communicative and experiental, and my aim is the beginner student to be confident and able to speak Greek from the very beginning as well as to start exploring all aspects of Modern Greek language. I offer a full Modern Greek A Level and GCSE preparetion, with excellent student results and comments.
With regards to more advanced students, my guidance will focus on further enhancing their speaking, listening, reading and writing skills, as well as the further development on the vocabulary and the grammar/syntax.
All lessons are based and planned according to the students' needs.
I am always positive and encouraging, creating a pleasant learning environment where the knowledge goes hand-in hand with fun.

Subjects

Personal Description:
PhD Biochemist, female with long term interest in the Neurosciences who enjoys teaching, the outdoors and arts and culture including scientific culture. Happy outgoing personality. Interactive lessons.

Teaching Experience:
I have 3+ years experience as a tutor of Biology and other STEM subjects and classroom experience based on teaching EFL mostly to juniors. I also have completed a Master's in teaching Biology at the University of Athens, in Greece and 2/3rds of PGCE science with Chemistry at Oxford University.I currently teach Chemistry and Biology A level at a Further Education College in Hampshire.

Tutoring Approach:
I try to give my tutees a comprehensive understanding of their subject including the relationship between exam papers and their specification, study skills and exam technique and build their confidence so they would eventually be able to study without a need for a tutor and become independent learners. I also use ICT to make the lessons more engaging-lively and try to accommodate their individual learning styles.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Georgios, I come from Greece and I am a passionate teacher of Classics. I have a broad experience teaching Ancient and modern Greek (my mother tongue), Latin, History and Classical Civilisation. Adapting my teaching to the level of the student I can help students of any level to excel to their exams or broaden their horizons by learning about the classical civilizations.

Teaching Experience:
I have a MA (UCL) and a BA in Philology (upper 10% of my class) with a specialisation in Classical Studies and I have a 5 years experience teaching students of all ages. I have a QTS and I have taught several students entering the university, with outstanding results. I have moved to London to pursue postgraduate studies in Classics, further enhancing my teaching skills and my knowledge on the field.

Tutoring Approach:
I can teach any type of Latin, Greek and History lessons, taking my students from the beginners level to excellence. I follow a systematic approach that will guarantee fast and steady progression to higher levels of classical knowledge guaranteeing high A-level grades and deep knowledge of the subject. My teaching is individualised based on the needs of the students with the ultimate aim of teaching people that will enjoy studying classics and learning about the civilisations that constitute the basis of our modern world.

Subjects

Personal Description:
As a tutor proficient in Greek, Maths, Latin, History, and Geography, my approach is tailored to foster a deep understanding and appreciation of each subject. I emphasise a balanced methodology, combining traditional techniques with modern educational tools. For languages like Greek and Latin, I focus on immersive learning through reading, translation, and conversation, enhancing linguistic and cultural comprehension. In Maths, I prioritise conceptual clarity and problem-solving skills, ensuring students grasp fundamental principles before progressing to complex topics. History and Geography lessons are interactive and analytical, encouraging students to explore historical events and geographical phenomena through discussions, maps and multimedia resources. My tutoring style is adaptive, student-centered, and aimed at cultivating critical thinking, curiosity, and a lifelong love for learning.

Teaching Experience:
With five years of experience in teaching History, Geography, Latin, Maths and Greek, my educational approach is both comprehensive and dynamic, designated to cater to diverse learning styles. I integrate a variety of teaching methods, from traditional lectures to interactive activities, to engage students and foster a deeper understanding of each subject. in History and Geography, I encourage critical analysis and contextual thinking, using maps, primary sources, and multimedia to bring the past and the world to life. For Latin and Greek, I emphasise immersive language practice, including reading classical texts and conversational exercises, to build linguistic proficiency and cultural insight. In Maths, I focus on developing strong foundational skills through problem-solving and logical reasoning, esnuring students are well-prepared for advanced concepts. My goal is to create an inclusive and stimulating learning environment where students are motivated to explore, question, and connect the dots across disciplines.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach to tutoring is centered around creating a personalised and engaging learning experience for each student. I believe in understanding the unique needs, strengths, and challenges of my students, which allows me to tailor my teaching methods accordingly. I use a variety of instructional strategies, including hands-on activities, real-word applications, and multimedia resources, to make learning both relevant and enjoyable. By fostering a supportive and interactive environment , I encourage students to ask questions, think critically, and develop a deeper understanding of the material. My goal is not only to help students excel academically but also to instill a lifelong love for learning and curiosity about the world around them.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a Masters student at Swansea university. I did my undergraduate in Classics achieving a 2:1, I also won the Alfred Moorhouse award for most proficient at Latin and Ancient Greek in the year. In my spare time I love to exercise and play video games and spend time outdoors!

Teaching Experience:
I have tutored online before with a student from Hong Kong in Ancient Greek. Also I taught kids in Tanzania about their rights and sanitation for 10 weeks.

Tutoring Approach:
When it comes to learning languages repetition is key, but this can also be fun. I aim to help you learn through repetition and practice, the benefit of this is the more you retain the more it makes sense causing learning to become fun rather than troublesome.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Is it all Greek to you?
Welcome to my Greek online classes!
My name is Christina and I am a qualified and native Modern Greek Teacher. I hold a BA in Classical Studies, an MA in Education from University College London along with a QTS certificate.
I offer Modern Greek language courses for all learners of all ages from beginners up to near-native speakers and help them get ready for exams and/or certificates of attainment in Greek (levels A1 to C2), official qualifications recognised by the Greek Ministry of Education. I also organise specific classes for conversation and fast-track options.

Teaching Experience:
I have been working as a teacher for more than 10 years now. I have extensive experience with all age groups.
Having taught Greek as a second language in Greek Schools of London and at the Hellenic Centre, I have moved to a Higher Education Institution where I train and mentor Academics as a consultant to improve their teaching practices.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach varies depending on the student's learning style. All classes are learner-centered and tailored to your needs.
Over the years I have created a rich library of authentic resources that aim to stretch your skills in every language aspect.
My ultimate goal is to teach you how to become a proficient and independent learner. We will work on that basis collaboratively, consistently, and persistently!

Can't wait to meet you!

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Antonia. I am from Greece and I am a passionate teacher of Ancient and Modern Greek. I am a graduate of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki with a degree in Greek Philology specializing in Linguistics and a Master of Arts in Linguistics. Enjoys sharing knowledge, and inspiring both children and adults. Now, I am Modern Greek after almost 2 years at Durham University. Besides that, I am teaching Greek as a second/foreign language to students for 4 years. Experienced in lecturing private lessons to students of secondary education in Greece. Also, I have taught ancient Greek and Latin to high school students with great results. Experienced in teaching Greek as a foreign language to all levels, from children to adults. Also, I am awarded Qualified Teacher Status for Britain.

Teaching Experience:
I have been a Greek teacher for 2 years at Durham University. Also, I have experience in teaching Greek as a second/foreign language for 4 years. I am experienced in lecturing private lessons in Ancient and Modern Greek to secondary education students in Greece.

Tutoring Approach:
I adjust the lesson depending on the level of the students and their needs. My method in Ancient and Modern Greek is to teach the grammar through exercises for better results in understanding the grammar. I use modern books and online tools such as videos. My lessons are interactive and my students have made significant progress because they really enjoy my courses.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I've been living in England since 2013. I'm a native Greek speaker. Grown up in Greece and graduated from the Panteion University, in Athens, with a degree in Political Science and International Law and Politics.

Teaching Experience:
Practiced English private tutoring for children in Greece for 6 years and I have been teaching the Greek language in England since 2015.

Tutoring Approach:
Evaluation of the student's knowledge of the language and then adopting a flexible program of teaching, in order to achieve the best
performance by the student, at any time. Patience and very good knowledge of the Greek language and etymology of the Greek words, ensure excellent results!

Subjects