Preston French Tutors and Preston French Tuition

Personal Description:
I am an English native speaker and I have a degree in French and English, a Masters degree and a PhD. I have taught in primary and secondary schools and I am now a university professor specializing in teaching the French language, literature and culture.

I offer in-person or online 1-1 tuition in French and English for primary and secondary, including GCSE and A level for AQA and Edexcel.

I also offer tutoring for learners of English as a second language, native speakers who need additional support for school, and adult learners.

I offer primary Maths tuition to support children to be confident in their Maths skills and find enjoyment in the subject.

I am also a competent musician with Grade 8 in three instruments and have experience of teaching children and adults to read music and play the violin, recorders and oboe.

"Charlotte has been a fantastic tutor for our son. He has gained a lot of confidence, consolidating his knowledge and understanding. Charlotte has helped him moving from someone who hasn't particularly enjoyed French and had grade 6-7 in that subject to someone who eventually achieved a grade 9 (dropping only 11 points out of 280) in his French GCSE and became really enthusiastic in learning the language. We fully recommend Charlotte and will always value her contribution".

"Thank you for being such an inspiring English tutor and keeping me focused and on task for my GCSE. I always felt I could ask if I didn't understand and your explanations and examples were brilliant!".

Teaching Experience:
I have been a language tutor for 20 years and I have experience of teaching French and English to people of all ages and abilities.

I have taught in schools, tutored primary and secondary English and French for GCSE and A level, teach French at university level, and have taught adult learners at all levels for different purposes.

I also have experience of tutoring primary Maths, and music at all levels.

I tailor materials to each student's individual needs and these are all included.

References can be provided from current and past students.

Tutoring Approach:
I am friendly, patient and encouraging. I tailor my tuition to the needs of each individual student and provide regular progress updates.

I teach from my home in Forton, Lancashire or I may be able to travel to you.

I am also available to teach online on Zoom or Teams.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a native French speaker and I am fluent in Italian. I am an experienced translator and interpreter as well as a highly respected private tutor. I am passionate about languages and foreign cultures and have travelled to a variety of countries. I have been in England for over 15 years and I can confidently say that I am fully bilingual (French-English), which has always facilitated communication with all my clients.

Teaching Experience:
I have taught French & Italian at primary, secondary and university level. I have more than 15 years' experience in this business, I am trustworthy, honest, reliable and knowledgeable. Regardless of age, level and requirements, I will be able to assist you.

Tutoring Approach:
I offer my students the chance to learn at a pace they are most comfortable and give them the opportunity to ask as many questions as they wish to progress further. I offer one to one tuition so all my attention is focussed on them at all times.
I will travel to your home for a reasonable fee and will tailor make your linguistic requirements. I will research and provide you with the teaching material, so you will not need to purchase any additional books. I will recommend free online resources too to assist you with your work. From language teaching to sales, translation, interpreting and customer care, my wide range of experience will help you succeed. I have been vetted for security clearance, similar to a CRB check. My fees are very competitive and negotiable if willing to commit to several lessons. Telephone, Skype, group lessons also considered, please just ask. Please contact me for any questions you may have.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I have been teaching languages for over 20 years in a variety of settings: comprehensive, state grammar, independent senior and Prep. My exam students at GCSE and A Level always perform extremely well and exceed their target grades. I am passionate about languages and thoroughly enjoy teaching. Working on a one to one basis is particularly rewarding, as so much can be achieved in a relatively short period of time.

Teaching Experience:
I studied French with German at Exeter University, spending my year abroad living and working in Paris, teaching English in French schools. I have a PGCE in Modern Languages from Cambridge University. I have been a secondary school teacher for 25 years - teaching French from Year 1 to A Level and German from Year 7 to 9. I have also worked as an examiner for AQA, moderating GCSE French orals and marking GCSE writing papers for Edexcel. I have experience preparing students for common entrance and have given conversation lessons for adults hoping to move to France.

Tutoring Approach:
I have always had an excellent working relationship with my students - they feel able to ask for help whenever they need it and I adapt my teaching style and resources according to their needs. For students requiring examination training, I have considerable experience teaching at GCSE and A Level so am familiar with the examination requirements.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Salut - Je m'appelle Solène ( pronounced so-len )

I was born and brought up in Paris, although much of my family roots lie in Brittany. I came to England initially to learn the language - but ended up meeting my future husband and starting a family here in Dorking, Surrey.

Teaching Experience:
Apart from the obvious fact that I am a native French speaker - I have been teaching French since 2009 in schools, including Duke Of Kent in Ewhurst and Petite Ecole in Reigate, but mainly privately to exam students or adults wishing to improve their skills. I have also been called upon to help with some translation and making phone calls to France to assist people with such issues as property.

Tutoring Approach:
Having initially gauged a student's abilities in the language - I will prepare each lesson to their specific needs & requirements - whether it be working on grammar or perhaps general conversational skills. My aim is to give people confidence and make learning enjoyable.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Born in London, I was educated in the UK and Hong Kong. I currently reside in Oxfordshire with my husband, where we both enjoy the outdoors in the Cotswolds.

Teaching Experience:
I have many years' experience in primary and secondary schools and home education in the UK, Hong Kong and Germany.

I teach in a school in Burford, Oxfordshire, and also provide home tuition to primary and secondary pupils.

Tutoring Approach:
To encourage your child to gain confidence and enjoy learning, I draw on my personal warmth and humour in lessons. I aim to help your child gain good exam results through:

lively engagement with your child's creative intelligence
continuous assessment and feedback of your child's progress
learning using a wide variety of resources

I believe learning comes alive through building on the child's immediate experiences and their curiosity for the world around them.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a qualified teacher and Head of Department with over 20 years of experience, in well known independent schools.

I specialise slightly more in Spanish but teach both Spanish and French to GCSE, IGCSE, A-level and Pre-U and IB. I work as an examiner for IGCSE, Pre-U and the IB, and have a good deal of experience in preparation for Oxbridge applications and Common Entrance exams. I am usually very flexible during the school holidays, but am also able to schedule lessons for evenings and weekends during term time.

I can drive to you, but have to charge some travel costs. I am equally happy to work online or have students come to my house.

Teaching Experience:
Over 20 years teaching in the UK, almost entirely in the independent system with years working in boarding schools, as well as experience in a British international school. I am currently teaching at a girls day school in North London, teaching IGCSE, A-level and IB.

Tutoring Approach:
I am very flexible in my approach according to the needs of the student, and am quick to pick up where gaps may lie. I believe in building confidence in language learning, and am very familiar with exam requirements and preparation.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I was born in France near Paris and lived in Geneva/Switzerland for a very long time before I moved to the UK. I came here years ago to be closed to some dear friends and since then I have been residing here. .Beside tutoring, I enjoy coloured painting that I practise during my spare time. I love aesthetics in general. I have a positive and encouraging attitude as a tutor, I believe people can learn any subject providing they are taught on a gradient and use the right method. As a result, their confidence can build up and results occur.

Teaching Experience:
I have been tutoring children as young as 2 years old, GCSE and A level students, business people and adults with a second home in France. I tailor make my tutoring to the needs of the students, using different manuals, workbooks, dictionaries according to their levels, I make sure my lessons include a lot of writing, reading, listening and speaking exercises.

Tutoring Approach:
I am a native French speaker with a calm and patient approach in tutoring. My lessons are tailor made to the learning objectives of the students. My key aim is to provide an environment where the student can feel free to learn without any restrictions(embarassment or fear of criticism, judgement....). This is accomplished through my learning methods and personal care

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am fluent in and specialise in French tutoring. I have been speaking French since I was very young, and like to pass on my knowledge and enthusiasm to others. I am an expert in tutoring to GCSE/A level and have been teaching to this exam for over 20 years with 100% pass rate, and with most students achieving grades 7 to 9 in GCSE and A*, A or B at A level. I upgrade my knowledge of the courses as soon as they update or change (which they do fairly frequently). I am also extemely knowledge about France, its current affairs and culture as I have and do spend time in the country.

I tutor both in person and online.Each lesson can be tailored to the student's individual needs.

Other subjects taught::
- beginner to GCSE Italian
-English language (primary to year 11,)

I have dbs certification, a degree in French language and literature, and teaching certificate.

Teaching Experience:
Teacher, private tutor, small group tutor

Tutoring Approach:
I offer a learning experience tailored to your requirements. Lessons can be casual or or exam focused.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am an experienced teacher of both classics and modern languages, and have taught in a variety of secondary schools. I have stopped classroom teaching now but I am keen to carry on teaching in a different capacity. I am passionate about languages, words and communication and love to share this with others. I have lived abroad for prolonged periods in France and Italy, and travel to see friends there whenever possible.

Teaching Experience:
Since completing my PGCE in 1992 I have taught Latin, Greek, French and Italian, from beginners to A level and Oxbridge, in secondary schools, both private and state. More recently I have been giving private lessons to both adults and teenagers.
***PLEASE NOTE THAT I TEACH ANCIENT GREEK, NOT MODERN! The UK tutors website does not give Ancient Greek as an option in the drop down list. I am not able to teach modern Greek.

Tutoring Approach:
Successful language teaching should combine a fun approach using oral practice including song lyrics and games with a more structured approach to grammar; this gives the student confidence that they really understand the language used. The advantage of private lessons is that I can focus on what the individual learner wants, which might be lots of oral practice to become more proficient at speaking, or to pass a specific exam. I do like to set homework from week to week as this is an important part of progress; but it is not compulsory!

Subjects

Personal Description:
I can help with GCSE/GCE exams and Brighton College and Westminster School scholarship coaching are recent successes. I am also a former Advanced Skills Teacher with many years of experience working in a comprehensive school with all abilities from GCSE to A levels / Oxbridge entrance. My key priority is to provide a safe learning setting where the learner and my starting point is always to be where the learner is rather than a fixed programme in advance.


Clearly you will need to know if this will be the right arrangement for you, so the first lesson is free with no commitment to continue.

If your child has the potential, I can enable him or her to achieve their highest potential grades provided they commit to the project: knowing what the exam requires you to do will make a difference

Teaching Experience:
I have coached a pupil who gained a scholarship for Brighton College and another who was awarded the Queen's Scholarship to enter Westminster School, London. In both cases exams tested a whole range of traditional skills set at a relatively demanding level for this age group. Future candidates would be welcome to contact me.

Prior to this, I have taught pupils from 11 years upwards to Advanced Level pupils heading for Oxbridge. I have worked as an examiner for an exam board, set and marked papers at GCSE and taught adults in evening classes.

Tutoring Approach:
Tuition offered via Skype which offers greater flexibility of timings, lengths of lesson etc as well benefits for teaching using Google docs which record lesson progress, better use of resources etc.

On-line tasks can be set in between lessons to practise skills learnt.

Lively approach including games where appropriate.

Teaching linked to the exam board specification you are working towards including specific skills at GCSE / A level.

Grammar taught relevant to your needs: to include the new course requirements when published.

Feedback after each session to parents/ guardian or carer if requested to include likely grade potential at GCSE / A level or IB

A / AS / IB level students will work through short accessible texts to build up topic vocabulary but also support class tuition in your college or school.

Common Entrance Level candidates or specific entry exams for schools will receive very focused teaching to prepare for the exam.

Adult tuition for business or leisure.

I would be pleased to work with students in groups of 2 or 3 for a reduced fee per person all online.

Fees are a little higher than perhaps for other tutors, but you will be receiving a premium service with many more benefits than a session's tuition.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a Professional Tutor with over 30 years of experience in teaching French, Russian, English as a Foreign Language (ESOL, IELTS) at Universities, Colleges, Schools and privately.

Teaching Experience:
I have over 30 years of experience in teaching French, Russian, English as a Foreign Language (ESOL, IELTS) at all levels: from the beginners up to the advanced. I am also preparing students for exams in academic IELTS.

Tutoring Approach:
I am teaching all the aspects of the language: speaking/listening, reading/writing. My teaching is grammar based as without the knowledge of grammar it is impossible to make up correct sentences. I am using authentic materials in all the languages I teach. There are a lot of activities resulting in improving speaking skills. My students always get higher results at the exams than they were initially hoping for. There is always a good rapport with the students. The students get all the help they need. My lessons are always well structured, lively and meet students' satisfaction.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Toby, I am 19 and have just come back from a year abroad in France. I currently work as a lifeguard and musician and am heading to Reading University to study french and business in september. I am a fluent french speaker who is fresh from learning the language to fluency, so am very much in touch with the language-learning process from a student's point of view - I know exactly where the hudrles lie and how to overcome them.

Teaching Experience:
I studied french up to A Level and took a year out in France, working as an Au Pair to the Marquis de Biliotti family at the Château d'Anjou in Lyon. I was in the highest class level at my Lyon university (C1/C2 class) and learned the language fluently. I have experience teaching English to children in France, and have worked as a telephone translator and PA translator.

Tutoring Approach:
I am flexible with my sessions; I can work on specific topics with which the pupil struggles, grammar, pronunciation and phonetics, vocab etc as well as approaches to language learning; analysing areas for the pupil to work on and giving resources, apps, videos and advice to help further their independent learning.
I can also work through set syllabuses, workbooks or other related set-works with the pupil.
(I will build sessions around my current working hours.)

Subjects

Personal Description:
GTCS fully registered
Head of Modern Languages in Scotland for 7 years
Teacher of French, Spanish and English as a Second Language
QTS status issued by the teaching council in England for both Primary and Secondary School
Registered with Ministry of Education of Romania for Primary and Secondary Schools
18+ years' experience in teaching languages - 10 years in Romania, 8+ years in Scotland
Graduate with a Master's Degree in Educational Management & Institutional Communication - Profession Sociology, Curriculum Management, Human Resources Management, Public Relations, Quality Management, Elements of Professional Ethics, Project Management, Managerial Practice
Authorized translator and interpreter with experience in interpreting and translating official and legal documents, literature using English / French and Romanian as target languages depending on the requirement

Teaching Experience:
I am a registered teacher in the UK. I teach French, Spanish and English as a Second Language. I have 20+ years' experience in teaching students with ages ranging from 4 to 19 and adults. At the moment I am a GTCS registered teacher and I work as a Head of French, Spanish and English as a Second Language In Aberdeenshire, Scotland.

Tutoring Approach:
My courses are mainly interactive which helps students of all ages enjoy learning a foreign language and feel relaxed during classes. I can make a class of language interactive, communicative, and interesting. I am very much able to teach French, Spanish and English language to small children as well as grown-ups. In 18 + years of language teaching I have taught French, Spanish, English to different age groups. I use different techniques with different set of people. I taught French/English/Spanish to children by use of fairy tales, songs (I have 3 years' Canto School Courses), poems, flashcards and other attractive teaching methods. For older students I have always set high standards and used different strategies to help them achieve and become successful learners and responsible individuals. I have developed innovative exercises for students and encouraged them to reach their full potential.

Subjects

Personal Description:
A 32-year-old French native from Normandy, I've been living in Manchester for seven years. Prior to that, I worked as a qualified English teacher in France until I decided to move back to Manchester, where I now work as an English-to-French literary and specialised translator.

I've been passionate about languages from a very early age, taking relish in studying and comparing the idiosyncrasies of French and English - from idioms to slang to past participle agreement! Training in translation and working as a translator has made me an expert linguist with a thorough knowledge of the intricacies of the French language and a perfect command of French grammar and spelling.

Teaching Experience:
My language teaching experience includes:
- 2 years working as a qualified English teacher in French secondary schools
- 2 years working as a French Language Assistant near Manchester (including Stockport Grammar School, where I tutored AS- and A-Level students)
- 9 years working as an English teacher (with French students) during two-week language summer courses in England (University of Essex, University of Cambridge, Devon)

I have also taught and run workshops in various other contexts (drama workshops, translation workshops and conferences, reading competitions in primary schools, etc.). My diverse experience not only means I'm comfortable teaching learners of any age but it has also made me an adaptable teacher who's aware that everyone has a different way of learning.

My qualifications:
- Master of Arts in translation (English-to-French/French-to-English), with distinction (University of Salford, 2012)
- CAPES (equivalent to PGCE) in English
- Bachelor of Arts in English (University of Rouen, France)

My translation portfolio includes work for Parisian publishers (novels and essays) as well as for English and French translation agencies alike. Most recently I have translated a number of psychological thrillers such as Michelle Frances' The Girlfriend and The Temp. Recent clients include Air France, Deliveroo, Estée Lauder, Ipsos, Porsche, Kedge Business School, Pernod Ricard, Sony, Swarovski, Uniqlo, Universal, etc.

Tutoring Approach:
I happily offer private or 2-to-1 French conversation sessions to learners with prior knowledge of French (B2/near-B2 level or higher). These can be:
- Casual learners (adults) with a penchant for French and French culture who are willing to broaden their vocabulary range, hone their grammar skills and further improve their fluency
- University students willing to achieve greater fluency, further hone their language skills and/or prepare for their oral exams
- A-Level students willing to prepare for their oral exams (based on a list of themes studied and/or on the topic chosen by the student for his/her individual research project)

Conversation sessions can be mostly informal and primarily aimed at helping you achieve greater fluency. However, should you require it, I'm also happy to tackle grammar points and help you regularly expand your vocabulary range through exercises and systematic revision of the new words/phrases taught.

The first session (45 min) is free so that we can make sure we get along and everything runs smoothly. It will also serve to define precisely what your expectations are so as to ensure every session is tailored to your needs.

Depending on your preference, sessions can be:
- run entirely in French: any grammar points/unknown vocabulary will be explained/paraphrased in French
or
- run predominantly in French, with grammar points being explained in English/unknown vocabulary being translated into English when necessary.

Sessions can take place in a cosy café in Manchester city centre, at Manchester Central Library or at your place if you live in Manchester city centre.

I'm available mostly in the evenings and at weekends; however don't hesitate to let me know about your preferred times as I'm pretty flexible.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi I'm an 18 year old political science student at a belgian university and I'm in Cambridge with my mother for the holidays. I'm a sweet and enthousiastic person with a real passion for the french language! I'd be glad to share some of my favourite french books or movies with you so we can talk about it together during our tea break!

Teaching Experience:
I used to regularly help my little cousins with their french and math lessons but I was not paid for it, so this would actually be my first time giving paid lessons. I'm therefore really looking forward to this first experience and have already prepared my tutoring approach. I hope you'll trust me and enjoy sharing this experience with me!

Tutoring Approach:
I will adapt my tutoring approach to the needs of the student, but I suggest participatory lessons. I will explain the lesson of the day during the first half hour and make sure the student has understood it by giving them a fun oral or written exercise to do during the last 20min. It can be a conversation, a story to write, a sequence from a series to translate etc... it could be anything! Of course, I will make sure to meet the student's needs and will pay attention to their personnality to make them feel as comfortable as I can.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Qualified, experienced, patient tutor
An outstanding practitioner, as evidenced in inspections and lesson observations.
I have had extensive training in supporting students with special educational needs. I am able to tailor approaches and resources to suit the individual needs of every pupil.

Teaching Experience:
27 years Headmistress Primary and Secondary School, retired.
15 years private tuition experience.
35 years teaching experience.

Tutoring Approach:
27 years' experience, including as Head Of Department and Headmistress.
Qualified teacher and subject specialist.
I am supportive, warm and encouraging in my approach.

Why choose me?
100% success rate in helping pupils get into their first choice schools, including Cheltenham Ladies' College, Haberdashers', St Paul's and Westminster College.
I provide expert private tuition for 11+, 13+, GCSE, A-level and International Baccalaureate examinations.
I am experienced at teaching pupils of all ages between 7 - 18.

Testimonials

Wendy was recommended to us by a colleague for her excellent quality of tuition. She has an extensive knowledge of the GCSE syllabus for literature and language and has considerable experience in the field. She is reliable and has a great work ethic. She has enabled my son to reach his potential and is able to focus on points of weakness, build confidence and motivate him into writing essays, which he did not enjoy or do prior to Wendy. Wendy has tailored her approach to teaching him in how to answer questions for the best possible outcome. His improvement in English has helped him progress in other subjects and is now looking at higher grades in History and RE due to a more articulate approach to answering questions. Less importantly my son has enjoyed his English lessons and always looked forward to them.

S, Chesham, Bucks

Wendy has been such a blessing for my daughter, completely turning around her expectations with regards to her academic ability and hugely affecting not only her English results but all her other subjects. Now, thanks to Wendy, she has the right tools to construct an essay. Her marks have improved by two grades across the board. Wendy is a wonderful and inspiring teacher and I just cannot recommend her highly enough.

Rachel, Amersham, Bucks

Lovely Wendy is the most amazing and caring tutor I could ever wish for. She deserves a medal for her work and her students are so motivated in these crazy times it is wonderful to know my son is being so looked after. He enjoys every lesson.

Lucy, South Heath, Bucks.

I highly recommend Wendy. Her long experience, personal approach and carefully planned English lessons have been incredible for over two years now. She also provides excellent feedback following each session and takes time to stay close to parents to gauge how and where she can add most value. I am happy to email or speak to other parents about how she has helped us!

Sarah, Great Missenden, Bucks.

I am so delighted we found Wendy to help with my son's preparation for his GCSE in English Literature and French to A level. I thoroughly recommend her tutoring services. She is consummate and professional and well prepared for each session with a myriad of printed materials to support the lesson. She is knowledgeable about her subject and importantly about what the examiners are looking for in assessing examination answers. She is also friendly, approachable and has a rare gift for imparting her understanding and enthusiasm for literature. My son positively looked forward to both English and French studies with her - something sadly he never felt at school. He now looks forward to University with every confidence

Tokeer, High Wycombe, Bucks.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Madu and I am a full-time home and online private tutor (1-1 and group session).
I have a decade (12+ years) of teaching experience as a private tutor.
I graduated in 2019 with a MSc (Master of Science) in Mechanical Engineering from Sorbonne University (3rd best University worldwide for Mathematics by the Shanghai 2022 Rankings).
____________

I specialise in teaching Mathematics up to A-Level and Physics, Biology, Chemistry up to GCSE & IGCSE.
I am well versed with all major exam boards, including Edexcel, OCR, AQA etc.
I am French therefore I can teach in both English and French.
____________

I teach around the Whyteleafe area (Whyteleafe, Warlingham, Woldingham, Kenley, Coulsdon, Caterham, etc).

Teaching Experience:
I have a decade (12+ years) of teaching experience as a private tutor. I started providing online tutoring services in 2020 to ensure classes run during the pandemic.
____________

Since 2020, I have become a full-time private tutor providing Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology tutoring.
____________

I mainly focused on students from primary school to A-level, but have taught up to Bachelor Degree level for University students (BSc).

Tutoring Approach:
My students would describe my teaching style as calm and methodical.
Each student faces different difficulties therefore improvement begins by identifying those key issues in the first few sessions.
____________

From then, we can work through these core areas and build confidence to secure specific knowledge and build familiarity with common methods and techniques. These new found skillsets and knowledge enables the student to succeed in their grades by practicing exam questions, with tailor-made weekly assignments, thus reducing anxiety over the exam period.
____________

I believe in keeping parents fully involved in their children's progress therefore parents will receive weekly feedback.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I'm Sophie, a fully qualified teacher with eight years of experience across both state and independent schools - and someone who has spent the better part of two decades with a deep enthusiasm for literature, language, history, and Ancient Greece and Rome, and many years developing the craft of helping people think and learn more effectively.

I hold a BA in English from the University of Cambridge and an MA from the University of York, and I bring that depth of knowledge into every session, tailoring my approach entirely to you or your child - your pace, your goals, your ambitions.

Why choose me?
- BA in English from the University of Cambridge and MA from the University of York
- Qualified, experienced teacher with eight years across state and independent schools
- Genuinely enthusiastic about all of the above subjects (yes, even grammar and poetic metre)
- Structured sessions with clear goals - but always room for a good tangent
- Flexible scheduling to fit around school and other commitments
- Sessions available in person or online

Teaching Experience:
- 8 years working in primary and secondary, state and independent schools; qualified as a teacher in 2020
- Taught KS2 English, French, Latin, History and Verbal Reasoning; KS3 English, Drama, French; KS4 English; KS5 English, Media
- BA in English (including French), MA in Medieval Studies (including French and Latin), A-levels in English literature (A*), Film Studies (A*), Classical Civilisation (A), AS-levels in French (A) and History (A)

Tutoring Approach:
Objective-oriented lessons that can be taught from a pre-planned curriculum or decided on a lesson-by-lesson basis. Just been told you have a surprise Macbeth mock in two weeks? Well, that can be what our next session is on!

Subjects