Rickmansworth English (Foreign Language) Tutors and Rickmansworth English (Foreign Language) Tuition

Personal Description:
I am an experienced tutor and have been tutoring for the past 20 years. I am friendly and supportive and tailor learning according to the pupil's individual needs. My specialism is 19th & 20th century history and I am especially knowledgeable about British and American history. I teach pupils essential research and study skills including effective exam techniques. I have also tutored English language at secondary and GCSE level with good results. I aim to inspire confidence in my pupils and promote enthusiasm for learning in a supportive environment.

Teaching Experience:
I have been a tutor for over 20 years. I have also helped out in primary schools on a voluntary basis and I have part completed a PGCE in Upper Primary (1999). I am have completed a PGDE at Bury College so I am qualified to teach in further and higher education.

Tutoring Approach:
I am supportive and caring and I encourage pupils to take responsibility for their own learning. I aim to inspire confidence by teaching them essential study skills and exam techniques. I teach pupils to break down learning into manageable chunks and teach them to analyse and revise their work. I make my lessons interesting and I am warm and friendly which puts pupils at ease. I also have a good sense of humour and aim to build up a strong rapport with pupils. I ask pupils to contact me between sessions if there are any concerns and I fully update parents on their child's progress.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a fully qualified teacher with Cambridge MA, PGCE & DELTA, with 30 years' experience of teaching in a variety of contexts including general secondary school English and Drama, GCSE, A Level, IB, and tuition at university and postgraduate level, including assistance with theses and similar.
I have considerable experience of TEFL/TOEFL and a successful record in teaching Cambridge FCE, CPE, etc as well as Business English classes for non-native professionals.
I recently returned to the UK from Spain for family reasons and I am new to the York area. I'm taking time out for a while to write that elusive million-seller or sitcom! Meanwhile I am a member of SfEP and work part time as a professional proofreader and copy editor. I am very happy to help groups or individuals with their academic needs.

Teaching Experience:
15 years in all key stages of secondary school education in England.
5 years Adult Education, TEFL and private tuition in the UK.
10 years teaching a British curriculum in an international secondary school in Spain at all key stages incl. GCSE, A Level and IB.
Group and individual EFL classes for children and adults, including Business English for professionals and TOEFL in an American-affiliated college.
I have an excellent record of success in preparing students for English and Drama exams - GCSE, A Level, International Baccalaureat and beyond - as well as for Cambridge First Certificate, Advanced and Proficiency in English.
Amongst other notables, I was employed as personal tutor to the actress Rebecca Hall as a child and also to one of Tony Blair's sons!

Tutoring Approach:
I believe in a supportive approach and a friendly relationship, but without forgetting it's work: you're paying me because I can improve your (or your children's) future prospects.

Subjects

Personal Description:
- qualified ex-secondary MFL teacher (PGCE, QTS obtained), familiar with and taught Mandarin Chinese GCSE specifications (AQA and Edexcel), A Level Chinese specifications at UK secondary schools. My students have great exam results.
- Native Mandarin and Taiwanese speaker, Excellent communication skills
- Experienced Mandarin Tutor. I worked with pupils at different levels: pre-School/ KS1- 5/ FE/ HE/ adults/ retired/ business Chinese/ tourism Chinese, including those with SEN and from diverse cultural background using English as an additional language)
- Freelance translator (television programmes subtitles, between English and Mandarin Chinese)
- Freelance interpreter (legal/Immigration)
- Experienced in tailor-making and delivering one-to-one tutoring lessons
- Knowledge of traditional Chinese/Taiwanese culture, politics, history, geography, society and current pop culture. Also able to combine the above with Mandarin learning/teaching
- Patient, reliable and honest
- mentored PGCE student teachers, Early Career Teachers.
- conduct and co-lead research projects with IOE (Institute of Education, University College London), on Content and Language Integrated Learning, 2021 to date. Co-presented the research results at 2 international academic conferences in 2023.

Teaching Experience:
- Mandarin Teacher at University of Leeds (Sep 2008- May 2011), a private school in north Wales (Y7 and Y9, complete beginner group/individual and GCSE preparation, 2011), a grammar school on the Wirral (2015- 2020, Y7- Y13, including GCSE/A Level preparation), and a comprehensive state school in Liverpool (2020-2023).
- Author/proof-reader of online Mandarin course contents (targeting KS2, KS3, and GCSE learners); Online Mandarin Tutor (KS2 learners and GCSE candidates. One of my pupils was accepted by a Chinese undergraduate course as her first choice for Sep 2014 entry, because of my lessons); eLearning Specialist advising the management team regarding VLE/ LMS and providing training on online teaching for fellow teachers (all above under this bullet point: between Jun 2012- Jun 2014, employed by a private company in north Wales)
- freelance one-to-one Tutor of Mandarin, face-to-face and online
- University Lecturer in Audience Development in Taiwan
- University Lecturer in Arts Management in Taiwan
- University Lecturer in English in Taiwan
- Tutor of English (adult/primary/secondary level, face-to-face, individual and groups) in Taiwan

Tutoring Approach:
- Use real-Life scenario for examples and conversation practice
- Integrate Culture into language acquisition
- Offer Business/Leisure/Travel/Conversation Mandarin Lessons
- Offer Pin-Yin and Phonics; Simplified and Traditional Mandarin characters
- Lessons are tailor-made to suit different levels from beginners to advanced Mandarin speaker
- You can choose to get trained in Listening, Speaking, Writing or Reading skills, or a combination of these four
- Deliver lessons in English-only, Mandarin-only, or a combination of English and Mandarin
- Devise different learning methods/ activities/ content for each individual learner to suit their own confidence, Mandarin abilities and learning targets/ motives.
- Encourage students to participate in their own learning process actively by creating an interactive and friendly learning environment.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I'm 43 years old and live near Bordon, Hampshire. I have been speaking French and Italian for about 20 years. My degree and my Masters degree are in History with Italian and Museum Studies with History respectively and I am very passionate about all of these subjects.

Teaching Experience:
I used to teach English as a Foreign Language in Italy both to large classes and giving one to one tuition and have also reached A-Level and Degree level in both French and Italian. I also taught English in Spain. I have around ten years' experience of one to one tuition at my home in this country and can also travel to the student's home if they live locally.

I have prepared students for their exams in English as a Foreign Language, such as the Cambridge First Certificate in English and the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English and am also happy to assist both children and adults with either casual learning or preparation for GCSE/A-Level

I also assist in my local primary school and am a school governor and am familiar with the National Curriculum and can tutor in maths and literacy for Key Stage 1 and 2.

Tutoring Approach:
The above subjects are things which I am passionate about and hopefully that comes across in my teaching methods. I am very flexible and can respond to the needs of the particular student

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a Marine Biologist (PhD) and lecturer in Education. I am currently based in North Berwick, Scotland and have a wide-range of interests such as paddle-boarding, kayaking, hiking, cooking and spending time with my family and friends. I am available for online tutoring in the evenings and the weekends (anytime) and face-to-face for North Berwick.

Teaching Experience:
I have taught English as a Foreign Language for 22 years in the UK and in Japan. I have also worked with students with learning difficulties, which I enjoy very much. I tutor Biology to students across the world including University level and Science up to G.C.S.E /Nat 5.

Tutoring Approach:
Exam technique, technical language, repetition-based learning (English as a foreign language). Kinaesthetic learning.
Patient approach, with the aim of student's gaining confidence in the subject area.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a native English speaker. I enjoyed my work as a private ESL/ESOL tutor, but since I have retired, I mainly only undertake proofreading and giving advice on assignments for work or college, that a tutee may need.

Teaching Experience:
I am a fully qualified English tutor holding a Cambridge CELTA (Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults)
I have ten years experience teaching English in Further Education Colleges across Kent. I have also taught in English Summer Schools and accommodated students from abroad, in my own home, teaching them English and introducing them to English culture by taking them on excursions to places of interest in London and Kent.

Tutoring Approach:
During the first lesson I will assess my new student in order to place them at their correct level of English language acquisition. Thereafter, I can provide lessons appropriate to that level, taking into account their idividual learning needs and learning style.
I am very patient and aware of how it feels to be learning a foreign language as I have studied both German and Spanish as an adult. I like to ensure my students feel comfortable and at ease in their learning as I feel that they will progress more easily and quickly if they are confident that they will be encouraged and helped at all times along the way.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi, my name is Valentina and I am Italian. I have been living in the UK since 2002. I am a very friendly, reliable, approachable person, but professional and trustworthy at the same time. I am very honest and I work very hard to achieve my targets. I am sure I can help you to achieve the results that you are looking for and, with my support, learning something new will be just a positive and enjoyable experience!

Teaching Experience:
Since 2003 I have been giving lessons to students of any age; my students are usually preparing university exams or interviews, GSCE, A-levels, business people, or anyone else who needs an extra support to achieve better results. I also run private courses to prepare students to school exams, as internal and external candidates; I work with all the major exam boards (AQA, Edexcel, Cambridge...) as private tutor, but also in the most well known private schools in Surrey and South East region.

Tutoring Approach:
My lessons are very well planned in advance and delivered with confidence. I will make sure that your learning level will go up lesson by lesson! After a first assessment, I will prepare a tuition plan and the learning process will start. The positive results will come very soon!

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hi! My name is Claudia and I would love to help you discover how much fun learning a new language can be. I'm a trained CELTA teacher with a passion for languages and music. I have more than 15 years of experience teaching English, Spanish and Italian to students between 5 and 85 years old of many nationalities. Teaching and learning languages ​​are two of my great passions because they allow me to meet all kinds of people and learn about different cultures. In addition to English, Italian and Spanish, I speak French, a little German and I am learning Russian. So you can be sure that I will be very patient and I will encourage you to be patient with yourself throughout this journey...I fully understand what learning a new language feels like!

Teaching Experience:
I'm CELTA qualified and have a BA from the university of Rome "La Sapienza" in Literature, Music and Show Business. I'm also an opera singer!
I have taught languages privately (English, Spanish and Italian) in Italy and in the UK for over 15 years to students of all levels and ages ranging from 5 to 85 years old of many nationalities.
I have also worked as a language teacher in summer camps in Ascot, UK and as language teacher, assistant to the Director of Studies and Stand-in Director of Studies in Language in Totnes, Devon.
I have organised and taught Italian and Culture language courses for small groups in Sicily and Piedmont, Italy.
I now run my own English, Italian and Spanish courses in Devon and do private tutoring in all three languages.

Tutoring Approach:
Are you planning a trip and want to impress the locals? Do you want to understand movies and series? Or maybe you need to pass an exam to get ahead in your career? Maybe you already know all the grammar but when it comes to speaking you freeze?

In class, you will speak your target language from day 1 and we will work at your own pace to achieve your goals. As someone who has lived and worked in different countries, I love talking about all sorts of topics during the lessons: music, literature, movies, food, current affairs, health and wellness, among other things. Most of all, I love listening to people's experiences and learning about their cultures.

My aim for the lessons is to make you feel comfortable using your target language, either written or spoken. Being able to communicate right away is key! You will learn the grammar naturally through games, videos, and stories I've written thinking specifically about my students throughout my teaching years, which focus on specific grammar or vocabulary points. I am a grammar nerd and I will be able to explain to you in a clear and simple way the most complicated points. We'll also use authentic materials so you can experience what the language in the real world looks and sounds like. During the class I will take detailed notes and send them to your email so you don't miss a thing.

It is also very important for me that you have fun in class, since this is something that will motivate you and facilitate your learning. Book a trial lesson with me so we can get to know each other and discuss your language goals. I look forward to teaching you!

Subjects

Personal Description:
You will find in me an extremely calm, caring and committed teacher. Kensington-based, I have over thirty years teaching experience both as a class teacher and one-to-one tutor. Identifying gaps quickly and working with a student's learning style is key. I believe confidence in speaking and writing grows with exposure to high-quality conversation and reading as well as active vocabulary extension. I focus on all three as well as on exam technique and content.

I bring my extensive background as a teacher of English as a Foreign Language and also as an actor to bear on teaching the deeper mechanics of the language in addition to its its more poetic and literary aspects.

As a mother of five, I am family-oriented and often teach entire families. I have an active interest in history, philosophy and politics, enjoy cycling and am a huge Led Zeppelin fan.

Teaching Experience:
Key Stage 2, Key Stage 3, Key Stage 4, ISEB, CAT, Common Entrance, 7+, 11+, 13+, GCSE, Personal Statements, Interview Practice, Academic English

General, Business , Conversational and Legal English; Interview Practice; Presentation skills; Email English; Proof Reading; Citizenship Preparation

Tutoring Approach:
My goal is to adapt to your learning style and help you reach the targets you set yourself. Good rapport and a relaxed environment are essential for learning. I work hard to establish both. I am comfortable with all ages and stages and try to make both my teaching and your learning a pleasurable experience.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Dr Fouzia has been supporting students studying Bachelor's, Master's and PhD for over 14 years, across a range of UK universities (for example, Oxford, Cambridge, UCL, Imperial, Warwick) and international universities (for example, Harvard, MIT). Thus, she has extensive experience in working with UK and overseas students, including students from China, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and America. Her work covers the following areas: university pre-sessional courses, sociology, psychology, business, criminology, nursing, health and social care (both at college and university level), childcare, teaching, paramedical science, and beyond.

As an Examination Board Assessor, Fouzia has experience working with a myriad of examination boards, such as C&G, EDEXCEL, AQA, OCR, WJEC, NCC, CIE, ICAAE.

Moreover, her deep understanding of pedagogical principles helps guide her tutorship. Students can reach out to Fouzia out of lesson times via telephone, WhatsApp or email for any queries, progress conversations, target setting and more.

Teaching Experience:
Dr Fouzia offers face-to-face and online guidance for university students at all levels. Her work includes:

Professional editing and proofreading academic assessments for structure, style, logical coherence, clarity, and critical analysis
Proofreading of manuscripts for publication in high-impact journals.
Paraphrasing
Formatting
Reference management
Critical thinking
Critical appraisal of evidence and evidence-based practice
Research topic selection and identifying research gaps
Planning and structuring essays and dissertations
Shaping writing to make it crisp and concise, and reducing wording to reach desired word count
Guidance on report writing and creating PowerPoints for course work
Interpret and perform literature, systematic reviews
Research proposals across all subject
Data collection and analysis for both qualitative and quantitative methodology (manual and electronic analysis ie SPSS/ NVIVO).
Dissertation/ thesis design and methodology
Academic poster presentations
PhD Viva preparation
Time and stress management
UCAS applications
UCAS personal statements
Interview techniques and mock interviews for university/ employment applications

Tutoring Approach:
Dr Fouzia provides a personalised one-to-one service, meeting individual needs of students (incl. ASD, dyslexia, etc) which enables them to actively engage in their lesson, and boost confidence. She is punctual and offers a high standard service, and this is evident in the reviews received from previous students. Her holistic approach has resulted in excellent pass rates (Merits & Distinctions). In addition, being a lecturer, research supervisor, examiner, and interviewer, places her in an ideal position to support you or your child with medical school applications.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is David and I am 40 years old. I live in a small village called Slinfold, which is just outside of Horsham. I am a upbeat, positive person, who loves helping people in all aspects of life. My interests outside of languages and teaching include golf, cricket, and snooker. I am a keen baker, but not quite Bake Off standard. I have a little dog called Molly.

Teaching Experience:
I have taught English as a foreign Language in both France and Germany in primary and secondary schools. I have also taught foreign students at English Summer Schools as well. Recently I have started up my own French and German private tuition company and teach students between the ages of 15-70. I have a Degree in French and German from the University of Oxford.

Tutoring Approach:
I am very flexible in my approach tp language learning, offering a bespoke service for the specific needs of each individual student. This includes emphasis on conversational skills, grammar, preparation for exams, or a more general approach for a hobby. I like to make my lessons fun and motivating, and will provide ongoing homework and testing if the student would like to be stretched. Ideally, I like working with students who are equally focused and motivated, as this will ensure the best results.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Maria and I come from Italy. I have always been passionate about foreign languages and I got a Diploma specialising in English, French, German and European Certificates (C1 Advanced level ) in English and French.
I have recently graduated at Royal Central School of Speech and Drama getting my MA in Advanced Theatre Practice, i also got a BA in Drama, Film and Media Studies in Italy.
I am a positive and friendly individual, professional and responsible. I chose becoming a tutor because I really care helping other people and I like sharing my knowledge.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching Italian, French and English for 4 years assisting students of any nationality and age.

Tutoring Approach:
My classes are friendly and tailored, I try to make my students feel comfortable, enjoying my classes and feeling that they can always have a person to count on.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello,
my name is Patrizia and I am a tutor of Italian language. I hold a BA 2:1 in English language.
I moved to UK in 2005 and I have started teaching my beautiful language here both to children and adults.
I have also taught English in Italy for many years.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching Italian in Italy for foreigners in 1997 and in UK since 2005.
I have been teaching in schools and schools of languages and university.
I hold a PGCHE in teaching and I have attended various seminars and workshops about Italian language teaching and languages.
I organize meetings and workshop with my students about Italian language and culture.
I have also spoken to various international conferences, presenting new methods and tools for learning.

Tutoring Approach:
My approach is very practical and creative.
I like to motivate my students with different methods of teaching and I prefer the speaking approach first, followed by other skills

Subjects

Personal Description:
Personal tutor, with experience in mainstream, private and special schools. My students come from a range of backgrounds and nationalities from Birmingham to Beijing, mostly through personal referrals. I teach Maths and English to children aged 4 to 14 and adults wishing to learn basic skills. My enthusiasm and powers of persuasion have converted many "maths phobes" into happy numerically skilled individuals!

Teaching Experience:
I have eleven years of experience as a class teacher in English primary schools, including five years in a private school. I have taught in all year groups in KS1 and KS2 in mainstream, private schools and special educational schools, where I also taught KS3 classes.

I began private tuition ten years ago, one-to-one and small groups, and have taught children from Italy and Beijing to speak, understand, read and write English as their second language. I also coached pupils to prepare them for their international Key English Tests (Cambridge curriculum).

I teach children according to their specific needs, especially those that need a boost in basic skills to keep up with the curriculum for their year group, but I have also helped Year 4, 5 and 6 pupils to prepare for 11+ examinations.

Tutoring Approach:
My lessons are tailored to the needs of each student. We work together to identify areas which require support and I teach accordingly. Some of my resources will follow the national curriculum, other resources will be brought in as needed to help my student understand and practise the skills they are developing. Parents have commented that I am friendly, patient and clearly spoken especially when working with children with autism. My students feel at ease to ask any questions to make sure they fully understand the information and skills being imparted to them.

As a basic resource, I use workbooks to identify areas of difficulty, then teach in depth using my own examples and explanations. I keep explanations light and include games to keep those with shorter attention spans occupied. Online, we use an interactive whiteboard to share homework, pdfs, and powerpoints. My lessons use verbal and visual explanations alongside examples to practise in order to cater for all learning styles.

Please message me with any questions and I will look forward to meeting you soon!

Subjects

Personal Description:
I'm looking forward to taking on some new students!

I have a very strong grasp of English, as shown by my first class degree in English language and literature from Oxford University. I also work as a freelance copyeditor and proofreader, often helping writers for whom English is a foreign language. Because of my background, I am particularly good at teaching English for academic purposes, and teaching writing skills, but I will be happy to focus on whatever you want to learn.

Teaching Experience:
In 2019, I graduated from a CELTA course (Cambridge Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages). Since then I have also taken courses in Teaching English Online, and How to Teach IELTS. In summer 2019 I taught at International House and Oxford Intensive School of English (OISE). I also started teaching freelance 1:1 in that year. In 2020 and 2021, I was employed as an Assistant Professor at Heriot-Watt University, teaching an online pre-sessional course in English for Academic Purposes. I did a similar job in 2022 at Coventry University.

Tutoring Approach:
I will ask you about your learning needs so I can plan and prepare lessons to suit you.

I particularly enjoy communicative and task-based teaching, where you learn by speaking and listening, reading and writing about things that are important to you, and you practice for real-life activities using English. I can help you gain the vocabulary, grammar, and skills you need for all this.

I can take students from all around the world. While the pandemic continues I will be teaching online only. (Otherwise, I would also teach in person, in Bristol, UK).

I teach adults (age 18 and above).

Subjects

Personal Description:
I began tutoring in 2015 to help out a friends child with their French. During those lessons I started to develop a joy in teaching and thrived on seeing the progress of my student. Since then I have created simple methods, tailored to each child or adult, whether it be for the fun of learning or to obtain good grades. As a native French speaker living in London I am confident and proficient in English and French. My online services can be flexible depending on your personal schedules.

Teaching Experience:
After also enjoying the experience of tutoring primary students Maths and English, I started tutoring GCSE French on the side. Whilst doing this, I was a pre school teacher at a nursery!

Tutoring Approach:
Every individual has different needs and circumstances, these of which I try to cater to. I provide group lessons, one-on-one lessons and crash course lessons before exams at all levels of Education.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Have online lessons with a native Spanish speaker, ELE & TEFL certified. Learn Spanish with me focusing on current business📉 strategies and tools, entrepreneurship, digital nomads, and Latin American culture.

Teaching Experience:
🔆🔆🔆🔆🔆 Conversation 🔆🔆🔆🔆🔆
(Edit the methodologies, expected effects and course features)
🥞 Topic-based free talk to speak spontaneously!
🥞 Culture, Travel, Work, Life, and any other topics that interest you!
🥞 Pronunciation Drills to clear up your confusions
🥞 Suffer in every small talk? Come in the classroom and make yourself at home!

【Children (6-11)】
🔆🔆🔆🔆🔆 Spanish for children (6-11) for Kids (6-11) 🔆🔆🔆🔆🔆
(Edit the methodologies, expected effects and course features)
👩‍👧‍👦 Have fun learning phonics, storytelling & speaking!
👨‍👧‍👦 Become comfortable with English and talk like a native!
👩‍👦‍👦 Learn through songs, picture books, fun stories!
👨‍👧‍👧 Start learning today and become a fluent speaker!

【Interview preparation】
The course for interview preparation focuses on helping you gain the Spanish for interview preparation skills needed to succeed in different types of job interviews.

Tutoring Approach:
➡️ Plot your learning journey with me!
➡️ A detailed analysis of your current level
➡️ A problem-solving mini-lesson
➡️ Valuable learning methods to stop wasting time!

❗️Classroom Rules ❕
↘️ Bring your pen and a notebook to collect useful expressions in class.
↘️ Always check your connection and devices before class starts.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Chelsea. I graduated from Newcastle University in 2016 with a degree in Japanese Studies and have been teaching the language for over 10 years.

I live in a small rural village with my partner and cat.

I'm happy to provide both face-to-face tuition locally or online lessons via Google Meet and Teams.

When I'm not teaching, I'm usually watching East Asian dramas, walking, or playing games online. I'm also a big fan of taking pictures of my cat, Squeak; she may insist on making an appearance during online lessons, but I promise she won't be too distracting!

Teaching Experience:
I've been a private tutor for over 10 years, teaching Japanese to all sorts of people - from children to retirees. Most of my lessons are online, but I also do in-person sessions locally.

I don't just do weekly lessons; I'm also happy to do one-off sessions for specific goals. I've helped people get ready for trips to Japan, assisted with wedding speech pronunciation, and worked with self-learners to help them find the right books and resources so they don't get overwhelmed.

Outside of private tutoring, I've run taster sessions at public events and given talks on Japanese culture. Whatever your reason for wanting to learn, I've probably worked with someone in a similar boat and can help you get started.

Tutoring Approach:
I use a very flexible approach so we can work at a pace that suits you. For my lessons, I use PowerPoint presentations to guide us through grammar and example sentences. I keep these simple and use coloured visuals to break things down so they're easier to digest. After each lesson, I'll share the presentation with you so you can refer back to it whenever you need.

Because of this setup, we have a good structure but can easily "flip back" to old grammar points if you need a refresher. I also try to get to know your hobbies and interests so I can use them in our examples - it makes the language much more relevant to your life.

Homework is entirely up to you and your own pace. I can set weekly vocabulary, sentence practice, or flashcards, but it's always your choice. For online lessons, I use Teams or Google Meet, which is very seamless. If we meet in person, I'll bring my laptop to go through the same content, along with any textbooks or paper resources we might need.

Most importantly, I keep things friendly and relaxed. It's 100% okay to make mistakes in my lessons - it's all part of the journey!

Subjects