Withernsea Mandarin Tutors and Withernsea Mandarin Tuition

Personal Description:
I am a Mandarin native speaker and have been teaching Mandarin in Britain for more than ten years.

I am a very experienced and UK well-qualified Mandarin teacher (QTS). I am very interested in teaching Chinese language. I am teaching Mandarin in all levels and lessons are tailor made.

Teaching Experience:
I have been helping learners for their survival, travelling, GCSE, A-level, University degree or business Mandarin, spoken Mandarin, culture tips and passing HSK, GCSE and A-level etc examination.

I teach children from age three years old. I teach Mandarin in all levels and lessons can be tailor made.

Tutoring Approach:
I am very flexible. Approaches will be adjusted to meet clients' needs.

Subjects

Personal Description:
My name is Phoebe. I'm a native Chinese speaker who moved to England 17 years ago. I am now a British Citizen and have lived in Chesham for 12 years. I gained my MBA at The University of Leicester in 2002. I have two daughters, and both speak Mandarin fluently. I used to work for an insurance company as an auditor, and now I am a full-time Chinese Tutor.

I have gained two teaching certificates: "Teaching Chinese to Young Learners" and "Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language". I have been working as a Chinese tutor since 2009.

I have tutored three students who gained top grades in GCSE. I am also teaching in a private school in the Chalfont area. Teaching is my big passion. If you need more help, I certainly can help. Please do not hesitate to contact me.

*****Congrats to my student Jo-Emma B, who gained an A in GCSE in 2015*****
*****Congrats to my student Jocelyn S, who gained a 9 in GCSE in 2019*****
*****Congrats to my student Charis P, who passed HSK Level 3 in 2020*****
*****Congrats to my student Eleanor P, who passed HSK Level 3 in 2021*****
*****Congrats to my student Sophie A, who gained an 8 in GCSE in 2022*****
*****Congrats to my student Mungo L, who gained an A* in IGCSE in 2023*****
*****Congrats to my student Mungo L, who passed HSK Level 4 in 2024*****
*****Congrats to my student Nathaniel P, who passed HSK Level 2 in 2024*****
*****Congrats to my students: Loarn L, who gained an A in IGCSE in 2025*****
*****Congrats to my student Chokhmah J, who gained a 9 in GCSE in 2025*****

Teaching Experience:
My teaching experience is Teaching children, teenagers and adults. The lessons can be in groups or one on one. In groups, you will gain from having more interaction with the other students. On the other hand, the one-on-one lesson can be tailored to your specific needs. Don't worry too much; either way is an excellent way to learn Chinese!

I've gained much experience teaching people from different nationalities; they've come from various countries such as The UK, America, Canada, Russia, Germany and South Africa. We had a great time learning Chinese. If you wish to read through some of their references on request.

Tutoring Approach:
Chinese Lessons in Chesham

This is an excellent chance to let your kids learn Chinese Mandarin in a small group (6 children). I am an experienced Mandarin tutor and have been teaching since 2009. Every lesson is interactive and fun, so your child will learn quickly and enjoy their time studying. Book in now, there are only four places left!
Age: 6-10 years old
Level: Beginner
Start: 8 September (Every Monday) to 15 December
Time: 4:30 pm to 5:30 pm
Cost: £15 One hour session/per child
If you are interested, please send me a message.

(2)For one-on-one lesson is £30

(3)Looking for a learning partner to share one one-on-one lesson with a 12-year-old boy
Age:11 to 16 years old
Time/date: TBC

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a Chinese oversea student who have studied at plymouth for 2 years now. I am looking for a part-time job to counteract my living costs, also making friends all around the world.

Teaching Experience:
No actual related teaching experience.

Tutoring Approach:
to be discussed

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am passionate about teaching languages, mostly orientals, and also coaching martial arts and self defence. I coach the IWTA-EWTO-WingTsun 梁挺詠春拳.

In the first 12 weeks of the beginners program you'll learn the basics for a proactive and "pre-emptive" self defence and to deal with the most "common" types of attacks. This is the Blitz-Defence program.

Afterward you start a more sophisticated training program where you learn to deal with an aggressor in a less violent way by using our unique tactile skills training method.

I can assure you, you will terminate every lesson by learning something new and useful! All I need is your concentration.

Due to the contact nature of this martial art I cam only teach in person and not online

Teaching Experience:
Currently tutoring Italian (advanced level) and Japanese (basic level) in all the 4 skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking).

January 2012 - PRESENT: I have been teaching Italian language since January 2012 on 1-2-1 base and via skype when I am abroad.

February 2012 - April 2012: I taught Japanese language for absolute beginners via skype.

April 2010 - February 2012: I taught at The Mill Languages School, in Macclesfield town centre: Mandarin, Japanese, German. In particular I have taught German language to a tailored group to refresh their skills.

August 2015 - 2016. Tutoring Japanese language to beginner level via skype. I taught to school teachers who are planning to travel to Japan and teach English, they need a minimum fluency to go by.

....however; nothing can beat the experience I have matured over these past 2 years. I need your full committment over a term period (3 months). I need a quite learning environment where I can focus on your progress; either a public library or my house; coffee shop may work depending on the time we agree.

Tutoring Approach:
I am based in Macclesfield and I teach in an informal and yet methodical way; I can teach colloquial and formal languages.

As for martial art for self-defence (WingTsun Kungfu 梁挺詠春拳) I have been teaching privately at different venues.
Each 1-2-1 class has to be booked. I combine the Kungfu system with my experience in working with body awareness and body technique at contact.
This is a very diverse method of teaching in comparison to the mainstream as it involves not just the purely choreographic aspect but a more comprehensive.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a tutor of both Chinese Mandarin and Cantonese. I am an enthusiastic, dedicated and focused professional with exceptional organisational skills. I am from China, but have lived in England for over 20 years. I am fluent in English.

I worked for Barclays in UK for six year but I much prefer teaching. I find it very rewarding when I see my students learn and grow with my help. This is why I now work full-time as a private tutor.

I am currently teaching several students. They give me great feedback and are very satisfied with the service I offer.

I have worked as an interpreter and translator. I have a UK masters degree in International Business Communication. While working at Barclays I worked in Correspondence and often interpreted

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching for over 13 years. I have taught both grown-ups and kids, one-to-one and in a group. I have helped students pass Chinese HSK exams.

If you are going to or doing business with Chinese:
I have experience of teaching groups of senior business people in the office. I have been giving great feedback. For example, "I have gained lots of confidence to speak Chinese when I travel to China for business. Liwen is a really encouraging tutor and I have made great progress in a short space of time."

"I studied Mandarin with Liwen's classes for 6 years to help with my career progression. The lessons were engaging and I highly recommend Liwen's classes for anyone interested in learning."

I also have one-to-one lessons with students who are doing business with Chinese or travelling to China frequently.

If you are planning to travel to China for a holiday:
Few of my students learned Chinese before they went to China for holiday. They were very satisfied after my lessons. "Liwen is professional, organised, and patient. I would definitely recommend her to anyone who would like to learn or improve their Chinese. "

If you are parents and wanted your children to learn Chinese:
I have students between 3-7 years old. They really enjoy my lessons. As a mum myself, I understand the need of children.
I am also teaching in the secondary school. There are many enthusiastic students in the class.

More:
I have both Cantonese and Mandarin adult students.

I am very warm, patient, understanding and a great listener.

I have invested in my teaching materials and have some great stuff to help you learn.

I am flexible and can offer lessons on subject matters of interest to the student.

I have taught students who have very different reasons for wanting to learn Mandarin or Cantonese. Some because they have Chinese relations, some because they have a general interest in China. In all cases I have been able to meet my student's needs and they have been very satisfied with what my lessons.

Tutoring Approach:
I think everyone has different learning styles. My aim is to understand the different needs of my students and provide the best teaching methods for them, so they will get the most from my lessons. As I have been in England for over 11 years, I have a deep understanding of the cultural differences between west and east.

I like to share my own personal experiences with my students in order to illuminate a subject.

I make lessons enjoyable and have designed some games and exercises.

I am very passionate about teaching Chinese and love to see my students progress.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello, I am Suzy. I was born in Shanghai and educated at Shanghai Teachers University. I have lived in the UK since 2001.

I specialise in Mandarin Chinese at GCSE and A level. Since 2012, I have taught both Edexcel and AQA exam boards pat private schools and Oxford Sixth Form College. All of my students have achieved Grade 9 at GCSE and Grade A at A level.

I have over 25 years of experience teaching Mandarin to both adults and children.

A few points you should know about me:

• Excellent communication and organisational skills
• Flexible with time allocation for learners
• Able to put learners at ease and help them enjoy the learning process

I hold three enhanced DBS certificates and have completed child protection training, safeguarding adults awareness training, and a diversity in the workplace course.

Teaching Experience:
Over 25 years of experience teaching Mandarin Chinese to both children and adults.
• Teaching British diplomats
• Teaching Edexcel, AQA GCSE and A Level Chinese at private schools
• Teaching private students business Chinese from global companies on a one-to-one basis

Tutoring Approach:
• Excellent communication and organisational skills
• Flexible with time allocation for learners
• Able to put learners at ease and help them enjoy the learning process
• Skilled at challenging students to take responsibility, reach their potential, stay motivated, and develop knowledge, skills, and understanding
• Provides caring, dedicated, enthusiastic, and expert teaching
• Able to identify each individual's strengths, achievements, and current learning situation

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am Pearl and I love teaching Mandarin. My students enjoy my versatile teaching methods too.

I have teaching experience from beginners to GCSE, A level and IB level. My students all got first round very excellent exam results most of them got A grade.

The students enjoy coming to my home to learn and I have lots of visual aids to assist them in learning. I love to teach Chinese culture and share my cooking, calligraphy and chess etc experience with learners too.

Also, I taught in international schools before and as Mandarin teacher and head of Department.

I also taught in Bolton school recently.
I have been an Edexcel examiner too and I am very familiar with the Chinese syllabus and exam contents.

I am capable to deliver Chinese A level exam contents.
I do online teaching only.

Teaching Experience:
I have over twenty years professional teaching experience in Mandarin. I am professionally qualified and I have a Master Degree in Education and PGDE too.

Tutoring Approach:
Interactive, versatile, professional and spiral approach.
Fun, creative, practical and enriching in cultural experience too.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a current student of University of Exeter, pursing a degree in Law. I have recently moved here from Singapore so as to pursue further education. I have been learning Mandarin (amongst other subject, English being one of them) since the age of 7 I have also gotten an A for Chinese in my GCSE 'O' Level.

Teaching Experience:
I have taught a primary school student on Mandarin and Math.

Tutoring Approach:
Be patient and calm.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Teaching at a prestigious independent secondary school in Kent, I am a native speaker with excellent subject knowledge and language skills. Having over 8 years of Mandarin teaching experience, my students range from pre-school young learners to adult learners. I am a qualified teacher with postgraduate certificate in Education and I am specialised in tutoring GCSE and A-Level Chinese.

Teaching Experience:
3 years as primary school English teacher in Shanghai.
3 years as Mandarin teacher at Kent Adult Education.
5 years as Mandarin teacher in secondary school (11-18 ) in the UK.

Tutoring Approach:
I am able to make your learning fun and enjoyable by means of creative techniques. I instil a sense of confidence in my pupils enabling them to maximise their understanding of the language. Each student is treated with respect and understanding regardless of their age, gender or personal circumstances. All my students have achieved Grade 8 or 9 for Chinese GCSE.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a qualified art teacher/ art practitioner with many years of experience. I am native Srilankan living in the North East for last 13 years. I also qualified adults tutor in the UK.

Teaching Experience:
University teaching (Mandarin Chinese/ Art) experience 8 years. I have been working with primary, secondary, adults, special need people, NHS patients delivering International arts and crafts workshops/ tutorials/ demonstration in The North East UK for last 10 years.

Tutoring Approach:
I am friendly, well organized, work on time, motivated teacher. I can be flexible and tailor the lessons suits for your need.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello my name is Cissy. I am from Shanghai, China. Mandarin is my native language and I provide private Mandarin tuition as my full time work now. I have been a personal Chinese tutor since 2006 to children and adults in China as part

Teaching Experience:
I have successfully taught students of all levels from complete beginner to immediate level and advanced speaking and business level Mandarin. My teaching is mainly 1 on a 1 basis, and the class content is tailored to each students needs. I can also teach groups of students if required.

Tutoring Approach:
As a Chinese language teacher I believe I am not just teaching a language, but also introducing Chinese culture to students. My teaching is never only based on textbooks. I like to integrate topics from world news and TV, and mixed with Chinese films and music.

I have lived in London since 2011 and I constantly travel between the UK and China. I have no trouble in communicating Chinese meanings of words and explaining complicated language structures to my students. In my teaching experience over seven years, I have found that most UK students feel Chinese pronunciation the most difficult and the grammar can be confusing. Therefore in my teaching I make special efforts on explaining the varied language senses/logics between English and Chinese. I often draw examples from both languages and compare them.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a researcher interested in Classical Chinese literature and an enthusiastic Chinese language instructor (Mandarin and Cantonese). I exhibit extensive knowledge and understanding of traditional Chinese literature, Chinese civilization and history, Chinese language and culture.

Through my previous experience, I have developed confidence in teaching and generated my teaching methods to make teaching a fun experience for my students and me. I have rich experience teaching students from different countries and communicating confidently with them in Mandarin, English, and Cantonese. I also promote Chinese civilisation, culture and history, art and music by incorporating those elements into my teaching lessons. My teaching experience in different countries has equipped me to interact and communicate effectively with people and students from diverse backgrounds with excellent feedback.

I have been becoming a Chinese-speaking test examiner (both GCSE and A Level, spoken Cantonese and Mandarin) for several years. The service will cost £75/hr (including travelling expenses). Should you or your school need this service, please do not hesitate to contact me directly.

Teaching Experience:
My teaching experience has been mainly at the International Secondary School and College level, while my academic background has been primarily in Chinese Literature, with an emphasis on Chinese Classical Literature and Linguistics.

Through my previous experience, I have developed confidence in teaching and generated my teaching methods to make teaching a fun experience for my students and me. I have rich experience teaching students from different countries and communicating confidently with them in Mandarin, English, and Cantonese. I also promote Chinese civilisation, culture and history, art and music by incorporating those elements into my teaching lessons. My teaching experience in different countries has equipped me to interact and communicate effectively with people and students from diverse backgrounds with excellent feedback.

Currently, I am working as a Chinese teacher at an independent college.

Tutoring Approach:
As a Chinese educator, I have developed efficient teaching and organization skills in preparing and delivering lessons; and my teaching methods can be tailored to suit different students' progress and abilities. To engage students in the lectures, I like to teach a new concept or theory by using simple drawings and telling the story of how it happens with drawing assistance.

Furthermore, I also adopted mind mapping in each lesson to summarise the main points and present the connections between them or the relationships between different ideas. Encouraging students to make their mind mapping is very useful to foster their understanding of significant points in each chapter.

Last but not least, my strong enthusiasm for teaching and education will always motivate me to upgrade myself and be a role model for students.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am currently a graduate student in Psychiatry at the University of Oxford. As a curious and driven learner, I am eager to teach what I have learned, as well as learn from those I teach.
I specialise in teaching Biology, Math and English until GCSE level, and as a fluent speaker of Mandarin I am also able to teach the language to younger students. I am able to teach both GCSE and those working towards the International Baccalaureate (IB). Scored 42 points doing the IB in Singapore myself, having done Higher Level Maths, Chemistry and my favourite- Biology. I was a Triple Science (I)GCSE student, scoring above 90 in all subjects, and tutored 2 IGCSE students myself as a Senior in high school. As a university newspaper editor and columnist, I love to write and communicate science, therefore am inclined towards teaching the sciences and English, but am also open to teach Maths, Chemistry and Mandarin.

Teaching Experience:
I have worked with Oxford Tutors since October 2019, until the pandemic took its stride. I tutored briefly while studying in London for my undergraduate studies (Imperial College London). I tutored math and chinese (mandarin) to younger students during my last two years of high school in Singapore.

Tutoring Approach:
It is both fulfilling and enjoyable to help others realise their potential. During class, I typically first unravel important concepts to ensure the student grasps the topic well, avoiding rote memorisation, before assessments are provided. People describe me as friendly, encouraging and approachable, and I hope this demeanour makes my student feel at ease whilst bringing out his/her own enthusiasm and excitement for the subject. My patience is endless, especially with experience teaching my three younger sisters in Maths and Biology.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello everyone,

This is Haixian(海鲜）from Coventry!
I am native Chinese Mandarin speaker with 15 years of life and work experience in the UK. Like millions of international students, I came to the UK to study my Masters Course in International Event Management at Birmingham City University 14 years ago. I have been working in different business section for years but the most enjoyable part was tutoring. I also love the coaching work involved in my previous position as an Account Manager.

I used to work part time to teach primary and secondary school children English, Math and Chinese when was at University.
I did a couple of times of visiting tutor to teach university students Mandarin at local University in 2019 in the UK. I have been a visiting tutor at local uni, also i have been teaching private lesson in KS1, KS2 and KS3 math, 11 plus preparation and Mandarin (all different levels) for 6 years.
I have been making tutoring videos and sending them to my friends for their children upon their request.

I do jogging nearly everyday as long as the weather permits.
I love making and sharing food with neighbours, colleagues and friends.
I am a certified facial and make up artist, but I don't do it as business.
I am chatter box (you may already have noticed).
..........

That is something about me, cant wait to hear your story.

Come on, learning Mandarin is super easy and we will have a lot of fun! The most difficult part is to get started.
Wait a second, will it scare you off if I tell you that I am a strict teacher? Haha, don'd worry, I am ok, not too strict.

学中文，学数学，找海鲜！

Teaching Experience:
I worked part time to teach primary and secondary school children English, Math and Chinese when was at University in China.
I did a couple of times of visiting tutor to teach university students Mandarin at local University in 2019 in the UK.
I did a couple of times of visiting tutor to teach university students Mandarin at local University in 2019 in the UK. I have been a visiting tutor at local uni, also i have been teaching private lesson in KS1, KS2 and KS3 math, 11 plus preparation and Mandarin (all different levels) for few years.
I have been making tutoring videos and sending them to my friends for their children upon their request.

Tutoring Approach:
Learning another language is fascinating because we can also learn some interesting culture and history related to that language, and yummy food is inclusive.
I have created different strategies for learning Mandarin depending on the age and language level of the students. For example, I have carefully picked some topics from official Chinese school teaching books, and some lovely popular traditional Chinese stories, then combined them with the real life and work environment around us. So that I can make sure all my students got plenty opportunities to practise what they have learnt from me.

I have studied very carefully UK primary and secondary school curriculum. I love the math theory that have been widely used in the UK. I can even make math learning more fun and interesting for students with my own different learning experience in China. Everyone will become Mathematician through my teaching.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Native Mandarin Speaker & Experienced Mandarin Tutor

Hello everyone, my name is Angel. I am a Chinese citizen living in Nottingham (United Kingdom), working as a professional online tutor. For face to face lessons, these will only be available in Nottingham. Thank you kindly for taking the time to visit my profile.

My formal education is obtaining China's 'National Teacher Certification' in 2018, specialising in teaching Junior Secondary School students.

My career has seen me teaching English in schools in China for over five years, with an additional five years experience of being a private Mandarin tutor in UK. Including online classroom teaching experience for British private schools.

The usual age of my students are from 3 to 16 years old, however I have good experience working with adults. Since early of 2019 I have taught Chinese in person and online across students of different abilities, e.g. Primary, Pearson Edexcel GCSE, A Level, HSK Standard Course, YCT Standard Course, Chinese Made Easy and Adult learners. My focus is adapting to the teaching needs, learning styles and abilities of my students. As of recently, I have enjoyed tutoring my students online during the pandemic.

I had helped over 35 students to prepare their GCSE exam and got good grade privately over the past few years. And five students for Pearson A Level.

Recently I had received some good news from my students those who have attended GCSE and IGCSE in 2024, for Pearson Edexcel GCSE: one student achieved Grade 9, two students achieved Grade 8, one achieved Grade 7; one student achieved IGCSE grade A. I'd like to support more students who wants to prepare for their GCSE, IGCSE or A level Exam.

My skill sets include teaching Mandarin character writing, standard Mandarin pronunciation and proficiencies in Chinese culture. I am excited to put my skills and knowledge to use here UKtutors, for teaching authentic Mandarin to those looking for a Mandarin tutor. I make use of the TPR (Total Physical Response) teaching method, to give my students immersion in the language, attract their attention, with a focus on making the lessons more fun, to let my students enjoy learning a new language.

Through my lessons, I can effectively help young students or adult learners reach their personal goals in Mandarin.

If you want to learn or improve your Mandarin in person / on-line, please contact me. I will respond to you as soon as possible. I hope to help your listening, speaking, reading and writing Chinese in day-to-day life.

Looking forwards to hearing from you.
Thank you. Best wishes.

Teaching Experience:
My career has seen me teaching English in schools in China for over five years, with an additional three years experience of being a private Mandarin tutor in UK. The usual age of my students are from 3 to 16 years old, however I have good experience working with adults. Since early of 2019 I have taught Chinese in person and online across students of different abilities, e.g. Primary, GCSE, HSK and Adult learners. My focus is adapting to the teaching needs, learning styles and abilities of my students. As of recently, I have enjoyed tutoring my students online during the pandemic.

Tutoring Approach:
I start teaching online since early 2019.I had some regular students they have online Mandarin lesson at least once a week, we use new tool to practice what we need to learn. The result turns out very good.

Subjects

Personal Description:
As a former teacher, I really enjoyed being an examinor for GCSE Chinese (Speaking).

I was a qualified teacher from Hong Kong with 15-year experience. I taught Mandarin and English and had reached the requirements for language teachers in both subjects.

I studied Linguistics in university, and I got 90.7 marks in the Putonghua Proficiency Test. I know exactly what difficulties my students may face and I am confident in teaching Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese) using English as medium of instruction.

Tell me your expectations and let me tailor-make lesson plans and teaching materials for you.

Teaching Experience:
15-year experience in teaching languages, both Mandarin and English, in secondary schools in Hong Kong, currently invigilating GCSE Chinese (Speaking).

Tutoring Approach:
Tell me your expectations and let me tailor-make lesson plans and teaching materials for you.

Subjects

Personal Description:
I am a TCSOL qualified Chinese teacher with 15 years of experience teaching Mandarin to students of all ages. I am also HSK Examiner and GCSE speaking Examiner. Through my extensive practical experience, I have developed many effective teaching strategies that work well for learners with diverse learning styles. My ultimate objective is to assist my students in reaching their full potential and achieving fluency in Mandarin.

Teaching Experience:
As a proven language teacher with over 15 years of teaching experience, I have successfully helped numerous students achieve the highest possible grades in Mandarin. Students enjoy my lessons because I have a patient and enthusiastic personality, and my personalised and engaging teaching style is tailored to your individual needs and interests, ensuring an optimal learning experience.

Tutoring Approach:
With my personalised GCSE Chinese course, you will receive one-to-one instruction and a customised curriculum designed to meet your unique needs and learning style, whether you are a beginner, struggling with Chinese lessons in school, or preparing for exams. I will work with you every step of the way.

The procedures for lessons with me include:
- During the lesson: I will tailor the lesson to your individual needs, ensuring optimal progress and achievement.
- After each lesson: You will receive valuable feedback, including a vocabulary list, grammar notes, and other relevant materials, to help you review and reinforce what you have learned.
- Homework: To ensure steady progress, you will be assigned homework to complete after each lesson.

By the end of the course, you will feel confident and well-prepared for your GCSE Chinese exam.

Subjects

Personal Description:
Hello, You may call me Gavin. I am from Hong Kong and is now living in the UK. I have expertise in multiple languages and has recently graduated in the London School of Economics and Political Science. I can help with Secondary School level or even University Level history or history learning in general. Feel free to talk to me even if you are not interested in history, I also offer classes in teaching Cantonese, Mandarin, English and Japanese.

Teaching Experience:
I have been teaching private tutoring since my university years. I have experience teaching children ranging from age 8 to 16. I am expert in teaching Secondary School History and languages (Cantonese, Mandarin, English and Japanese)

Tutoring Approach:
Let's make learning fun and exciting together! I'm Gavin, a multilingual tutor with a passion for history. Whether you need help with history or want to learn Cantonese, Mandarin, English, or Japanese, I'm here for you. Let's embark on this educational journey with enthusiasm and joy!

Subjects